ABSTRACT
This chapter discusses two important network architectures: the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model and the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)/Internet Protocol (IP) reference model. It describes the genesis of computer networks at ARPANET, the natures and types of networks, and the standard network models. The chapter provides briefly the history of the invention of the Internet and the WWW, ending with some practical applications of the WWW. The origins of the Internet can be traced to the US government's support of the ARPANET project. Just as the Internet and the Web connect humans, the Internet of Things (IoT) is a revolutionary way of architecting and implementing systems and services based on evolutionary changes. In the Internet, a client-server architecture was put in use to support such popular applications of WWW as File Transfer Protocol (FTP) and email. The concept of service-oriented architectures (SOA) was introduced in the late 1990s as an approach to organize software architectures, that is, logic networks.
