ABSTRACT
The U.S. Prevention Services Task Force comprises a panel of experts that provides cancer screening recommendations and continually reviews the scientifi c evidence for the potential benefi ts and harms of screening (Thomas et al., 2015). Comprehensive lifestyle modifi cations in diet, activity, stress management, weight control, and social support offer opportunities to reduce the risk of developing prostate cancer (Cuzick et al., 2014). Because of the advances in early diagnosis and treatment, the mortality rate of prostate cancer has declined since the 1970s. Today, the 10-year relative survival rate is about 98%, and the 15-year survival rate is about 90% (Brawley, 2012a; Heidenreich et al., 2014). This means that patients with organ-localized prostate cancer could potentially be cured. Surgery or radiation may be the main optional treatment for prostate-localized cancer. However, studies have shown that about 30% of men who were diagnosed with “apparently” localized disease and treated with radical prostatectomy eventually had relapse. Prostate cancer relapse is commonly detected as a rise of serum prostate-specifi c antigen (PSA) levels (Lu-Yao et al., 1996; Wright et al., 2009). The recurrent cancer may progress to (or already be in) a metastatic state, by which time the cancer has usually become incurable. Unfortunately, less than one-third of men diagnosed with metastatic disease survive 5 years (Brawley, 2012a; 2012b; Howlander et al., 2010).
