ABSTRACT
Multicomponent System Accuracy 12 Repeatability versus Total Error 12 Standardization of Accuracy Speci cations 13 Abbreviations 13 Organizations 13 De nitions 13 Bibliography 14
1.2 BINARY LOGIC DIAGRAMS 15
Binary Logic Diagrams 15 Fundamental Icons for Binary Logic
Diagram 15 Role of Equivalent Circuits and Boolean
Algebra 19
Counting and Timing Binary Logic Icons 20 Active and Passive Logic 21 Binary Logic Diagram Preparation 22 Diagram Interpretation 24 Final Caution 25 Abbreviations 25 Acknowledgments 25 Bibliography 25
1.3 CALIBRATION 27
Calibration Services 27 Introduction 27
Types of Errors 28 Reference Standard 29 Pressure or d/p Sensors 29 As-Found and As-Left Data 30 Hysteresis 31 Calibration Traceability 31 Linearity and Damping 31 Automated Calibration Equipment 31 Calibration of Temperature Sensors 32 Calibration Intervals 33 Calibration of Smart Instruments 33 Assessment of Accuracy 33 Calibration and Range Setting 34 Abbreviations 34 Organization 34 Bibliography 34
1.4 CONFIGURING INTELLIGENT FIELD DEVICES 35
Hints for Field Engineers 35 Technologies Discussed in this Chapter 35 Introduction 35 Concept of Intelligent Field Device 36 Con guration of Intelligent Field Devices 37
Local Con guration of Intelligent Field Devices 38
Remote Con guration of IFDs via Fieldbus 38
Hart 39 Pro bus 42 Foundation Fieldbus 44 Ethernet-Based Protocols 45
Device Data Management Techniques 47 EDDL-Electronic Device Description
Language 47 FDT/DTM 49 Toward Convergence: FDI Cooperation 52
Abbreviations 55 Bibliography 55
1.5 EVALUATION OF INSTRUMENT QUALITY 56
Introduction 56 Evaluations 56 Evaluation Results 57 Evaluating and Standardization Organizations 59 Evaluation Methodology 60 System Con guration 61 System Functions 62 Properties 62 Test Conditions 62 Evaluation Techniques 63 Abbreviations 63 Organizations 63 Bibliography 64
1.6 INSTRUMENT INSTALLATION 65
Cost 65 Installation Documentation 65
Physical versus Schematic Documents 70 Safety in Design 70
Tube Material and Installation 72 Electrical Installations in Potentially
Explosive Locations 73 Standard Application and Practicality 73 Physical Support 73
Process Industries Practices 74
Abbreviations 83 Bibliography 83
1.7 REDUNDANT AND VOTING SYSTEMS 84
Introduction 84 Hardware Redundancy 86 Software Redundancy 87 Fault-Tolerant Computer System Design 88
Field Instrument Redundancy and Voting 89 Diagnostic Coverage 91 Engineering Redundant Measures 92 Complex Control Loops 93 Final Control Elements 93 Availability Considerations 94 Additional Background, Highlights,
Confusing Terminology, and More Modern Implementations 95
Summary 104 De nitions 104 Abbreviations 105 Organizations 105 Standard References 105 Bibliography 105
1.8 SOFT SENSORS 107
Introduction 107 What Is a Soft Sensor? 107 Types of Soft Sensors 107
Model-Driven Soft Sensors 107 Data-Driven Soft Sensors 107
Soft Sensor Advantages 108 Soft Sensor Applications 108
Online Predictions 108 Process Monitoring 108 Fault Detection and Diagnosis 109
Data-Driven Soft Sensor Design 109 Data Collection and Inspection 110 Data Preprocessing 110 Model Selection and Identi cation 113 Model Validation 113
Adaptive Soft Sensors 114 Data-Driven Soft Sensor Building
Techniques 115 Multivariate Statistical Techniques 115 Arti cial Intelligence Techniques 116 Gaussian Process (GP) 116
Soft Sensor Companies 117 Abbreviations 117 References 117
1.9 TERMINOLOGY FOR AUTOMATION AND TESTING 119
Introduction 119 Purpose and Scope 119
Sources and References 119 De nition of Terms 119 Test Procedures 147 Calibration Cycle and Calibration Curve 147 Abbreviations 150 Organizations 150 References 150
1.10 UNCERTAINTY: ESTIMATION, PROPAGATION, AND REPORTING 151
Uncertainty and Error 151 Sources of Error and Uncertainty 151 Estimating Uncertainty on Replicate
Measured Values 152
Estimating Uncertainty on Nonreplicate “Measurement” Values 153
Classifying Error Sources and Their Uncertainties 153
Propagation of Uncertainty in Calculations 154 Propagation of Maximum Error: Numerical
Approximation 154 Propagation of Maximum Error: Analytical
Approximation 155 Propagation of Probable Error: Analytical
Approximation 157 Propagation of Probable Error: Numerical
Approximation 157 Which To Use? Maximum or Probable
Uncertainty, Analytical or Numerical Estimation 157
Summary 158 Abbreviations 158 Symbols 158 Bibliography 158
Humans cannot measure anything in the absolute. We can only compare measurement values generated by different devices. Therefore, the accuracy of any sensor is a function of the precision of the reference it was calibrated against.
