ABSTRACT
CONTENTS 9.1 Secondary Users Relaying for Primary Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
9.1.1 System Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212 9.1.2 Stackelberg Game Formulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 9.1.3 Simulation Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
9.2 Primary Users Relaying for Secondary Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 9.2.1 Network Modeling and Notations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 9.2.2 Joint Spectrum and Power Auction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 9.2.3 Theoretic Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226 9.2.4 Simulation Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
9.3 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236
Cooperative communications [1]- [3], a new technique for mitigating path loss and channel fading, has attracted much attention. It enables users to relay data for each other and thus creates a virtual multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) system for cooperative diversity. Recently, incorporations of cooperation concept into cognitive radio networks has become a new cognitive radio paradigm. It employs cooperative relay to assist transmission and improve spectrum efficiency. Cooperation in cognitive radio networks is mainly classified into two categories: i) cooperation among secondary users; ii) cooperation between primary users and secondary users. The first category aims at improving the performance of secondary transmission, in which a secondary user acts as a relay and assists transmissions of other secondary users [4] [5]. Generally, the solutions for traditional cooperative communications are valid for cooperation among secondary users. The only difference is that dynamic spectrum access must be considered in the latter. The second category benefits both primary and secondary users in which different rights of primary users and secondary users to the spectrum are taken into account, thus, it is more challenging than the first category. The cooperation between
primary and secondary users can be further divided into two classes: i) secondary users cooperatively relay data for primary users; ii) primary users cooperatively relay data for secondary users. In this chapter, we discuss the pricing and spectrum allocation of these two cooperation classes from the perspective of game theory.
