ABSTRACT
An understanding of surgical principles is necessary before operating on a bird. In order to maximise surgical success, the following principles must be understood and applied: minimise haemorrhage; minimise tissue trauma; minimise anaesthetic time; minimise anaesthetic and metabolic complications; and provide postsurgical support and analgesia. Medical conditions that may necessitate postponement of surgery include respiratory distress, obesity and concurrent disease problems unrelated to the surgical condition. Prior to anaesthetising the patient the surgeon should check that all equipment and materials likely to be used in the procedure are accessible and fully functional. Microsurgical and ophthalmic instruments allow for delicate and atraumatic handling of tissue. Radiosurgery offers both haemostasis and minimal tissue damage when used correctly. Desirable characteristics of suture material include: high tensile strength while the tissues heal; good knot security; resistance to infection; and minimal inflammatory, immunogenic, or carcinogenic reactions.
