ABSTRACT
Climate models are based on equations about energy and matter to simulate the atmosphere, oceans, land and sea ice, and vegetation cover. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, a scientific body under the auspices of the United Nations, was established in 1988 to assess the scientific information on climate change. The impact of sea ice on climate is affected by the insulating effect of ice between the atmosphere and ocean, as the ice reduces the exchange of heat and the effect of wind. “Based on many studies covering a wide range of regions and crops, negative impacts of climate change on crop yields have been more common than positive impacts. Many species will have to shift their geographic ranges, seasonal responses, and migration patterns or face extinction. There has been a trend to use the term climate change because it does not have the same negative impact as global warming.
