ABSTRACT
This chapter studies several practical operations of signal conversion. Various types of signal conversion devices such as modulators, demodulators, bridge circuits, analog-to-digital converters, digital-to-analog converters, sample-and-hold hardware, multiplexers, bridge circuits, linearizing devices, phase shifter, voltage-to-frequency converters, frequency-to-voltage converters, voltage-to-current converter, and peak-hold circuit are discussed. Specific hardware components, designs, and their key parameters and specifications are considered as examples. Pulse-width modulation signals are extensively used for controlling electric motors and other mechanical devices such as valves hydraulic and pneumatic and machine tools. Demodulation or discrimination or detection is the process of extracting the original data signal from a modulated signal. In general, demodulation has to be phase sensitive in the sense that the algebraic sign of the data signal should be preserved and determined by the demodulation process.
