ABSTRACT
Insects have been competitors of humans for food and space and have served as vectors of animal and plant diseases. It is not surprising that many tactics have been developed to help manage populations of these pests. Management tactics, several of which still are used, had their origins early in recorded history and included chemical, cultural, botanical, and biological control. The increased emphasis on methods of insect control in North America was greatly influenced by the changing demographics of the human population and changes in farming practices that were occurring at about the same time. Plant density and row spacing are techniques that can be used to manage the micro-environment of insects and pathogens. High plant densities and narrower rows can create a cooler, more shaded environment, which has been shown to reduce citrus rust mite. Planting dates often are chosen for agronomic reasons and planting before or after recommended planting dates can have a substantial economic cost.
