ABSTRACT
Photonic devices for light beam modulation are known as modulators. These devices are used to modulate a beam of light travelling through a medium or free space, or through a waveguide. Depending on the properties of light, photonic modulators are categorized into amplitude modulators, phase modulators, polarisation modulators, and the like. Modulators often use the electro-optic effect, acousto-optic effect, or magneto-optic effect, or they take advantage of polarisation changes in liquid crystals. There are also modulators which use Faraday effects. For low-and medium-speed applications, liquid crystal-based modulators are used [1].
