ABSTRACT
Petroleum in the unrefined state is of limited value and of limited use. Refining is required to produce products that are attractive to the marketplace. Thus, petroleum refining is a series of integrated steps by which the crude oil is converted into salable products with the desired qualities and in the amounts dictated by the market (Speight and Ozum, 2002; Parkash, 2003; Hsu and Robinson, 2006; Gary et al., 2007; Speight, 2014a). In fact, a refinery is essentially a group of manufacturing plants that vary in number with the variety of products produced. Refinery processes must be selected and products manufactured to give a balanced operation. Crude oil must be converted into products according to the demand for each.
