ABSTRACT
Modern hydraulic turbines are the result of many years of gradual development. The introduction of high-performance computational tools in the last decade has had considerable influence on the design of hydraulic systems, their operation, and control. There are two types of turbines, denoted as impulse and reaction. In an impulse turbine, the available head is converted to kinetic energy before entering the runner, the power available being extracted from the flow at approximately atmospheric pressure. In a reaction turbine, the runner is completely submerged and both the pressure and the velocity decrease from inlet to outlet. Speed regulation of a turbine is an important and complicated problem. Model testing is an important element in the design and development phases of turbine manufacture. There are several types of field tests, which serve different purposes. Field tests are also carried out for commissioning a site and for various problem-solving activities.
