List the clinical manifestations of giant cell arteritis

Giant cell arteritis (GCA) is a non-immunological multisystem vasculitis which preferentially involves medium and large arteries of the head and neck. GCA occurs in all races but is commonest in Caucasians. GCA is more common in women and rare before 50 years. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate is usually elevated and temporal artery biopsy may be performed for diagnosis.