ABSTRACT
The pathogenesis of colorectal cancer depends on two pathways, namely the gatekeeper pathway, which consists of genes responsible for growth regulation, and the caretaker pathway, which is characterised by mutations of genes responsible for stability. The risk of development of colorectal cancer increases significantly after the age of 40 years, with the peak incidence occurring at 65 years of age. Colorectal cancer primarily arises sporadically, but can occur as a result of genetic and environmental factors. From a hereditary perspective, colorectal cancer can develop in individuals with familial adenomatous polyposis and hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer. Environmental factors of interest include a diet rich in meat, diabetes, and smoking. Colorectal cancer may occur in individuals with inflammatory bowel disease. Colorectal cancer requires management by a multidisciplinary team, which will consist of gastroenterologists, colorectal surgeons, oncologists, specialist nurses and dieticians. The prognosis for colorectal cancer is extremely poor, and good-quality management of symptoms is essential for the patient and their family.
