ABSTRACT
Premum non nocere (“rst do no harm”) has been a tenet of medicine since the days of antiquity. at tenet can become a gray area, especially during times of war, armed conict, terrorism, and police investigations, where the line between appropriate information gathering/interrogation is crossed and torture begins. e Nuremberg trials of the mid-twentieth century claried what is and is not the acceptable practice of medicine during times of war, and to whom the physician owes a duty (e.g., the individual, the population, the state) (Trial of War Criminals before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals Under Control Council Law No. 10, II; Vesti et al. 1998, 185). Unfortunately, post9/11 conicts have again raised ethical concerns about the physician’s role in what is and what is not torture, legitimate interrogation, forensic interviewing, and psychiatric abuse (Pope 2011, 158).
