ABSTRACT
So far, our algorithms have been entirely deterministic; they have done the samething every time we execute them with the same inputs. However, the natural world and its inhabitants (including us) are usually not so predictable. Rather, we consider many natural processes to be, to various degrees, random. For example, the behaviors of crowds and markets often change in unpredictable ways. The genetic “mixing” that occurs in sexual reproduction can be considered a random process because we cannot predict the characteristics of any particular offspring. We can also use the power of random sampling to estimate characteristics of a large population by querying a smaller number of randomly selected individuals.
