ABSTRACT

Contamination of water, soil, and/or air is a worldwide environmental problem (Atlas and Hazen 2011; Gavrilescu et al. 2015; Mason et al. 2014). Numerous industrial and human activities contribute to this problem, such as the production and use of fine chemicals, pesticides, pharmaceutical products, fertilizers, oil, and gas, among others (Gavrilescu and Chisti 2005; Philp et al. 2007; Atlas and Hazen 2011).