ABSTRACT
A male with a history of cryptorchidism has a significantly increased risk of developing testicular cancer than a boy with descended testicles. The most common germ cell cancer in a male with a history of undescended testicles is a seminoma. In children with testicular germ cell tumours with enlarged lymph nodes, the primary treatment should be an inguinal radical orchidectomy with a sampling of the retroperitoneal lymph nodes. In adults, retroperitoneal lymph node dissection has been used as a primary treatment modality for low-volume non-seminomatous germ cell tumours localised to the retroperitoneum as well as a salvage therapy for residual masses following chemotherapy. Sacrococcygeal tumours, if completely resected with the coccyx, have a very low risk of recurrence and over 90% cure rates. However, these patients should continue to have surveillance therapy with a digital rectal examination and alpha-fetoprotein levels for at least 3 years postoperatively.
