ABSTRACT
Swelling of the penis, often with inflammation and pain, may occur in association with nappy rash or forceful attempt to retract the foreskin. Priapism, a non-erotic, persistent unwanted erection, is a relatively frequent complication in children with sickle-cell anaemia (SCA). Trauma is another important cause of priapism, which may be high-flow due to an arterio-venous shunt or low-flow when there is obstruction to the venous outflow. Scrotal swelling is very common in children and may be acute or chronic, painful or painless. The two most common painless causes are hydrocele and inguinal hernia (IH). The mother usually notices swelling of the groin in infants and young children while giving the child a bath. Lymphadenopathy and IH are the two most common causes. Vaginal discharge (VD) is the most common gynaecological problem in children and adolescents. Rectal prolapse (RP) refers to a protrusion of the rectal mucosa through the anus; when the protrusion includes the rectal wall, it is termed procidentia.
