ABSTRACT
The haematuria of glomerular disease is usually uniformly red with proteinuria and casts but without clots or pain. Haematuria associated with pain may also suggest urolithiasis, urinary tract infection (UTI) or renal tumour. Dysuria is often accompanied by other urinary symptoms such as frequency, urgency or hesitancy. Persistent dysuria with a normal examination and negative urine cultures are likely to be due to dysfunctional void or hypercalciuria. In paediatrics, the most common cause is an overactive bladder with or without urinary tract infection (UTI). Polyuria must be differentiated from more common complaints of frequency of a small volume of urine. Urinary incontinence is a common problem presenting at primary care services, often associated with nocturnal enuresis (NE). Nocturnal enuresis (NE) may present in isolation or associated with daytime wetting, urge symptoms or dysfunctional voiding. Retention of urine is a frequent presentation in adults but relatively infrequent in children.
