ABSTRACT
Motivation may be positive or negative. It is 'that within the individual, rather than without, which incites him or her to action'. Positive motivation leads to deeper understanding and better long-term learning than negative methods, which lead to superficial learning that is often forgotten. Positive factors include wanting to succeed at something, achieving a career goal, satisfying curiosity and accepting a challenge. Such intrinsic motivational forces may be very strong. Motivation seems to be a basic human function. Extrinsic motivational forces may be positive or negative. Competition among students may help some but may demotivate others. Everyone likes to receive feedback and encouragement about how they are doing, so do not just leave it until the annual job appraisal, but instead give praise when and where it is due at any time. With negative motivation, the individual may learn or act because of a fear of failure or punishment or threat of other adverse events.
