ABSTRACT
Like football players in competition, many callers “lined up on their side of the field,” in either offensive or defensive roles. The offensive players took the initiative and charged forward, while the defensive players waited to react. Offensive, innocent callers in the 911 study yelled at dispatchers to speed up the emergency response. These callers were focused on getting medical aid to seriously injured victims as quickly as possible, and their calls revealed their sense of Urgency. Guilty callers often expressed No Urgency.
