ABSTRACT
As a function of dose and exposure duration, xenobiotics (also termed stressors) produce adverse responses in biomolecules (DNA, protein, lipids), cells, tissues, organs, and the body. Toxic effects vary in nature, potency, target organ, and mechanism of action (MOA). A better understanding of their characteristics can improve the assessment of the associated health hazards and facilitate development of rational, preventive, and therapeutic measures.
