ABSTRACT
Violations have to do with the logical form of the reasoning underlying the argument. If the parties fail to observe the rules for the conclusive defense of standpoints, their argumentation will contain fallacies that make their defense unacceptable. Even in the last stage of the resolution process, when the argumentation is completed and the discussion only needs to be brought to a close, resolution can still be obstructed. The antagonist has merely doubted the standpoint, so it is impossible for him or her to have successfully defended the opposite standpoint in the discussion. In populist argumentation, the opinion of a number of people is used in arguing for the acceptance of the standpoint: it is claimed the standpoint should be accepted because so many people agree with it. Successful protagonists are entitled to expect the other party to retract their doubts about the standpoint, but no more than that.
