ABSTRACT
The traditional revolutionary ideals of Russia were expressed in the famous battle-cry "land and freedom"; the more modern Socialist and revolutionary ideas only reversed the order, crying "freedom and land". To the Russian people, Germany represented the bulwark of reaction, and the Russian Autocracy was continually drawing fresh power from its adherence to the German Court. More than once the Russian reaction brandished over the heads of the revolutionaries the threat of Kaiserism and its legions. The spirit of revolution became so great and powerful that the more observant members of the propertied and ruling classes began to urge the Government to make reforms. The famous programme of the progressive block of the Duma and of the Council of the Empire was the outcome of this foreboding of the inevitable Revolution. The people were reluctant, being afraid lest they might endanger both the State and the success of the Revolution by attempting revolution during the war.
