ABSTRACT
New tenements were the architectural reflection of the post-functionalist city. The new tenement city was predominantly promoted by the welfare state, or, more precisely, by the institutions of a welfare state under pressure. The welfare state stepped aside and opened the scene for new actors. Most of these new actors had already played a role under the old welfare state regime and merely gained influence. These included for example Rotterdam's housing associations-turned-corporations, West Berlin's and Glasgow's private developers, or the small landlords and owner-occupiers all over Europe. Municipal and national institutions continued different forms of housing programmes, initiated post-industrial redevelopments, and organised festivals such as the West Berlin International Building Exhibit (IBA) or Glasgow's UK City of Architecture. The coalitions between welfare state institutions and both old and new actors gained momentum through a common discourse on the "regenerated city".
