ABSTRACT
The Latin indicative pluperfect in -ra(m) has had a rough passage into Romance. In some areas the form has died out; where it survives, the morphology carries a variety of meanings. All of these meanings are related semantically, however, in ways that will be discussed in this chapter. The modern outcomes of the Latin indicative pluperfect in -ra(m) in a selection of Romance speech types are shown in (1), in traditional classifications.
