ABSTRACT
Normalization" survived to provide essential border security and political stability in the context of the creation of the Russian Federation and new states in a process that had unleashed pent-up competing ethnicities in the former Soviet space. The People's Republic of China (PRC) government issued a statement supporting an earlier statement of the Soviet government of 30 October 1956 highlighting the Five Principles as the basis for the mutual relations between socialist states. The 1960s and 1970s ideological disputes between China and the Soviet Union were spectacular in their ferocity – "irreconcilable" and "intractable", as Kissinger put it. The Sino-Soviet ideological disputes, Deng Xiaoping claimed, had masked an underlying problem of inequality that could be addressed only through the genuine application of the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence. Deng articulated a number of policy positions on the basis of "independence and self-reliance" which he, in the early 1980s, eventually bundled into his foreign policy of "peace and development".
