ABSTRACT
The criminalization of students thus increases the risk that students become involved in the justice system, in several ways. This chapter describes the school-to-prison pipeline and its consequences. It provides exploratory analyses that consider the extent to which social status relates to school punishment and, as a result, influences disparity in future punishment decisions. Racial disparities in school punishment are perhaps the most studied type of disparity, but race/ethnicity is not the only source of disparity in school punishment. Other student characteristics such as being low-income, having learning or behavioral disabilities, or LGBTQ status, also relate to greater likelihood of harsh school punishment. An exploratory analysis is intended to both reinforce prior research findings and begin a conversation into other sources of marginalization and school punishment. The chapter illustrates the proportion of students in each quartile of school bond measure that were suspended or expelled.
