ABSTRACT
This chapter focuses on ways in which Muslims have adapted to new countries of residence in Europe and at the same time have continued to participate in transnational religious networks. It examines how their histories of migration have shaped how they and other Europeans have come to see themselves and each other. In the 1980s, the Europe-born children of the major wave of Muslim immigration came of age and began to demand public recognition of their religion. The common Arabic language has facilitated some degree of cooperation across the three North African communities, as has a relatively shared degree of religious jurisprudential reasoning and religious practices. The concentration effects of the migration process also lend a particular texture to discussions within Islamic communities about religion and culture. For diasporic Hindus, processes of cultural regrouping center on temples, student associations, neighborhoods, and through electronic media. Hindu nationalist organizations in India generate and disseminate messages for the important Hindu countries of diaspora.
