ABSTRACT

It would be clear in the author's research that structures include state policy, international political-economy relation, international copyright regime, market, capital and diplomatic relations. The structure also embodies the cultural schema of knowledge on patriotism that is indoctrinated by the education system, the ideology that is promoted by the propaganda apparatus and online fan communities with norms or regulations. Fan labor is a kind of social action; thus, it will helpful to explain the formation of nationalistic discourse. The application of fan labor as social action could bridge structure and social actors together while revealing the mutual influence between macro-structure and micro-agents. It also reveals how active fans could use their labor to produce culture that mutually influences the structure. Coding large quantities of data collected from interviews, fieldwork and the internet is an important work of the grounded theory method.