ABSTRACT
This chapter begins with a controversy involving both archaeological and biological anthropological data that began over a century ago with the theory that another race had lived in western Eurasia before our ancestors. It focuses on controversies where biological anthropologists have been able to advise archaeologists. The bulk of collaborations between the two fields have been in identifying sex, age, cause of death, pathologies, and life experience in human remains recovered by archaeologists. These data provided by biological anthropologists build pictures of communities, complementing archaeologists' information on the material culture of those communities. Most of the work, happily, does not involve controversies. A long-standing puzzle has been the relationship between Neandertals and "anatomically modern humans", our species. Native hunter-gatherer peoples were sometimes quite willing to produce surpluses of those of their traditional goods that farmers wanted in trade for example; fish or deer hides rather than fight the newcomers.
