ABSTRACT
Complex Coordinated Attacks (CCAs) signal a need for a paradigm shift in emergency management and emergency response operations. CCAs are unlike an active shooter incident that involves “an individual actively engaged in killing or attempting to kill people in a confined and populated area.”* Implicit in the definition of an active shooter incident is that the subject’s criminal actions typically involve the use of firearms.† CCAs are
Attackers’ Tactics, Techniques, and Procedures ..................................................................... 439 What Differentiates a CCA from an Active Shooter Incident or a Mass Casualty Incident (MCI)?............................................................................................................................440
