ABSTRACT
Introduction Albert Einstein once said, “The world is a dangerous place to live; not because of people who are evil, but because of the people who don’t do anything about it.” 2 Western leaders need to decide urgently on the strategy and effort to contain the threats posed by Islamism and the likes of China and Russia. That will require engagement not just with actors but with the very fabric of societies from which threats are emerging. If the West wishes to resolve matters fully, it must be prepared for a long haul with deep commitment, expenditure of much blood and treasure, and association with less than likeable collaborators. If any of those is unacceptable, the options will narrow and the possible outcomes become very much less satisfactory.
