ABSTRACT
Raw scores are not always the most effective way to report a test score. This chapter provides many alternative ways to report and interpret test scores. It covers percentile ranks, z-scores, T-scores, SATs, Normal-Curve-Equivalent scores, Stanines, and grade-equivalent scores. The chapter makes us to learn about the advantages and disadvantages of each of these alternative ways to report scores. It describes the Standard Error of Measurement, the sampling distribution of observed scores, and how to use these tools to build confidence intervals, still another way to report and interpret test scores. Test scores must be interpreted by teachers, students, parents, school administrators, bureaucrats, and the public. A popular way to report test scores is as percentile ranks, primarily because both students and parents find them easy to interpret. Many students learn to interpret percentile ranks in their middle-school years, soon after they learn how to compute percentage.
