ABSTRACT
This chapter identifies signs and symptoms of youth substance abuse. It considers indications that youth may need referral to specialized mental health and medical professionals. The chapter indicates treatment implications for youth and families experiencing a broad range of DSM-5 disorders. It examines the general characteristics and treatment recommendations regarding: neurodevelopmental disorders; schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders; bipolar and related disorders; obsessive–compulsive and related disorders; substance-related and addictive disorders; feeding and eating disorders; elimination disorders; sleep–wake disorders; and gender dysphoria. The chapter also provides an overview of intellectual disabilities, communication disorders, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, specific learning disorder, and motor disorders. The DSM-5 includes a number of disorders on the schizophrenia spectrum. Bipolar disorders are considered serious mental illness, have genetic and physiological basis, and may require lifelong management. Body dysmorphic disorder includes obsession, or preoccupation, with "one or more perceived defects or flaws in physical appearance that are not observable or appear slight to others".
