ABSTRACT
Native Hawaiian rulers actively sought advice from the early Caucasian settlers, who embraced the Aloha Spirit during the early nineteenth century. Later, Whites joined the Cabinets and were elected to the kingdom's legislature. In effect, there was biracial rule during the last half of the nineteenth century. White racism continued during the era of the Territory of Hawai'i, which lasted from 1900 to 1959. The Republic of Hawaii proceeded to crack down on workers, restricting them to work on the plantations under threat of deportation. In 1899, a possibly more subtle form of racism emerged in response to an outbreak of bubonic plague in the Chinatowns of Maui and O'ahu, where Republic authorities failed to maintain proper standards of sanitation. Evidence of racism emerged after the fire was over: Caucasian businesses expanded from nearby downtown Honolulu into the areas that had been burned rather than restoring the area to the original inhabitants.
