ABSTRACT
Caucasians were considered a race differing from Native Hawaiians. In any case, racial differences were duly noted and even celebrated. In some cases, the distinctions became the basis for discriminatory treatment, although racism (the deliberate subordination of a racial group to have fewer rights) was impossible so long as the monarchs were in power, eager to ensure that Hawai'i remained the land of Aloha. But wages were set on the basis of race, with Caucasians paid the most, then Chinese, and Japanese at the bottom of a caste system. The schooling was separated based on race, though without invidious segregation. Mistreatment based on race was mostly a Caucasian idea, whether in employment, education, voting, or restrictions imposed on women. Such racism usually sews the seeds of ethnic unrest, as in the Jim Crow era of the American south.
