ABSTRACT
The study of the origin and development of humanity itself is called physical anthropology. The study of the origin and development of the material and spiritual cultures created by human beings is called cultural anthropology. Humanity’s emergence from the state of animal-ness cannot be separated from a dialectical relationship with the human creation of culture. Human spiritual culture includes such things as religious beliefs, myths, tales, folk songs, aphorisms and sayings, dance, paintings and drawings, sculpture, and customs and mores. Human language is an integral part of human culture because language is innate to humanity. The growth and development of anthropology has itself led to more detailed and specialized divisions and subdivisions. At the same time, however, there has been increasing reinforcement of integrated and comprehensive studies. For over a century there has been a struggle between the idealist school and the materialist school in anthropology.
