ABSTRACT
The feature of personnel management systems of successful Japanese corporations can be explained by the concept of Gemeinschaft, or community organization, as opposed to Gesellschaft concepts first put forward by Tnnies. Japanese organization is somewhat similar to Gemeinschaft, because the company respects the welfare of employees and gives more equal treatment on a length-of-service system; in turn, the employees devote themselves willingly to the organization. Manager training consists mostly of off-the-job training in the company's training centres and its purpose is to improve conceptual skills and human skills. The two-ladder system, especially the formal status grade system, increases the opportunities for promotion, gives everyone hope of climbing to the middle ranks and increases the sense of loyalty and dedication to the organization. The wage determination emphasizes job capability and rapid promotion of the capable, and firing and demotion of the incapable.
