ABSTRACT
Termination and relocation ignited a new phase of Indian political activism. The Menominee, whose lands possessed rich natural resources, faced termination, but did not have a well-organized tribal government to protect their lands. Local leaders like Ada Deer stepped forward to defend her people, although it was not until the 1970s that the Menominee successfully won the rights to keep their lands. Red Power movement and American Indian Movement (AIM) of the 1960s and 1970s can trace their roots to the National Congress of American Indians (NCAI) in 1944. The NCAI called for panIndian unity against government oppression, and reached out to younger generations of Indians to also unite and defend their rights.
