VDICE: an integrated assessment model for climate, economy and ecosystem

This chapter discusses the economic impacts, including ecosystems, of climate change. Taking advantage of the dynamic integrated climate economy (DICE) model, we developed a new model that can calculate the optimal path by considering vegetation change resulting from climate change. We identify the effects of parameter changes based on the differences of climatic zones, and we mention the possibility that the optimal path becomes stricter if we add extra values for the vegetation.