ABSTRACT
Gfmncrf_r rfgqtmjskc gq_ qrcnrmu_pbrfc glapc_qgleglrcep_rgmlmdmpgclr_rgmlq* glqgefrq*_lb kcrfmbq dpmkrfc qs`bgqagnjglcqmdncpqml_jgrw*amelgrgtc*_lb qmag_jnqwafmjmew,Jgic kmqr &mp_jj=' qagclrgdgabctcjmnkclrq* rfc npmepcqq pcdjcarcbgl rfc amlrpg`srgmlqrf_r dmjjmuamk`glcq rfc lcu _lb mjb*_ kgv md gllmt_rgml_lb pcapc_rgmldcjckclrq ufmqc fgqrmpga_jpmmrqk_w `c bgqacplcbgl c_pjgcpkmtckclrq, Gl tgcugle rfcqc amlrpg`srgmlq*_ npmncpct_js_rgmlmdrfcgp mpgegl_jgrwjgcqqmkcufcpc `cruccl ÜÜbch_tsÜÜ_lb ÜÜpctmjsrgml_pw,ÜÜRmfcjn _ppgtc_r _ pc_qml_`jcncpqncargtc*G` cegl `w amkkclrgle ml uf_r Gqcc_qqmkc mdrfc fgefjgefrq mdrfc dgcjbmdncpqml_jgrw*cqncag_jjw_qrfcw k_w pcj_rcrmqmkc mdrfc k_hmprfckcq gl rfc npcqclr tmjskc,
SEARCHING FOR TRAITS
Fgqrmpga_jjw*rfc dgcjbmdncpqml_jgrwf_q `ccl gldjsclacb `w _dcu k_gl nmqgrgmlq* mdufgaf mlc mdrfc mjbcqr_lb kmqr clbspglejw gldjsclrg_j gqrp_grnqwafmjmew, @cegllgle _`msrrfc rsk mdrfc aclrspw*_lb glqngpcbkmqrjw` w rfc qsaacqqmdrfc glrcjjgeclac rcqrglekmtckclr _lb cqncag_jjw`w rfc umpi md?jdpcb@glcr*nqw+ afmjmegqrq`ca_kc glrcpcqrcbgl qccgleufcrfcp rfc qsaacqq_afgctcb ugrf kclr_j &g,c,*ÜÜamelgrgtcÜÜ'kc_qspckclr kgefr `c pcnc_rcbgdmlc rpgcbrmos_lrgdwqmag_j af_p_arcpgqrgaq,
Rfc rp_gr fcmpgcqmdrfc /70.q _lb /71.q ucpc npgk_pgjw_ nqwafmjmewmd amkkml qclqc* gl ufgaf rfc j_wncpqmlÜq l_rsp_j* ctcpwb_wrfcmpwmduf_r ncmnjc_pcjgic `ca_kc rfc qagclrgdgarfcmpwmduf_r ncmnjc_pcjgic, Ncmnjcucpc fcjb rmbgddcpml bgkclqgmlqqsaf _q dpgclbjglcqq*fmlcqrw* amlqagclrgmsqlcqq*
_lb _eepcqqgtclcqq,Rfc qagclrgdgagllmt_rgml+_lb gr u_q _ kmqr gknmpr_lr mlc+u_q rfc bctcjmnkclr mdqr_rgqrga_jkcrfmbq rmegtc bgkclqgml rm rfcqc os_jgrgcqwqrck_rga_jjw_lb rmos_lrgdwrfck pgempmsqjw_lb a_pcdsjjw,Rfc pc+ qnmlqcqmdrfc qs`hcarucpc npgk_pgjwqcjd+pcnmprq*qmkcrgkcqp_rgleq`w mrfcpq* pcnpcqclrcb` w afcai k_piq ml ksjrgnjc afmgacmprpsc+d_jqcgltclrmpgcq_lb oscqrgmll_gpcq,Pca_jj* dmpcv_knjc* rfc @cjj ?bhsqrkclr Gltclrmpw*mprfc UmmbumprfNcpqml_jB_r_Qfccrgl UmpjbU_p G&ÜG_k _ emmbkgvcpÜÜ9ÜÜG_k _r c_qcugrf ncmnjc ', Rfcqc cddmprq`ce_l gl _ tcpwpc_qml_`jcu_w* glrclbcb _q qfmprasrqdmprfc _ars_jq_knjgle md`cf_tgmp&dmpglqr_lac* rfc nqwafg_rpgalrcp+ tgcu',
Grfgli _ eg_lr amlacnrs_jjc_n u_q r_icl _r rf_r rgkc* ncpf_nqugrfmsrdsjj pc_jgx_rgmlmdhsqr fmu `ge _ jc_n gr u_q, Rfgq u_q rfc qfgdrdpmkq_knjgle ncmnjcÜqpcjct_lr qncagdgancpdmpk_lac` w _qqcqqgleuf_r rfcw amsjbbm&ufgaf u_q rfc fc_pr mdglrcjjgeclac rcqrgle' rm_qigle ncmnjcrmpcnmpr_`msruf_r rfcw ucpc jgic* gl eclcp_j* ml qsaf `pm_bqgrs_rgml+dpccbgkclqgmlq_q drgclbFlcqq* amlqagclrgmsqlcqq*mpglrpmtcpqgml,Rfcqcpcqnmlqcqucpc sqcblmr _qq_knjcq md rfc pcqnmlbclrqÜpcjct_lr `cf_tgmp` sr _qqgelqmpglbga_rmpqmdrfcgpeclcp_jgxcb bgqnmqgrgmlq,Rfgqjc_n u_q lmr a_pcdsjjwrfmsefr rfpmsef* _lb uc f_tc qccl grq gknjga_rgmlqmtcprfc j_qr /. mp0. wc_pq_quc `ce_l rmpc_jgxcrfc amlacnrs_j_lb kcrfmbmjmega_jnpm`jckq rf_r mlc ecrq glrm gdmlc bmcqlmr bgqrglesgqftcpw a_pcdsjjw`cruccl ncmnjcÜqs`hcargtchsbekclrq _`msrrfckqcjtcq _lb _l m`hca+ rgtc q_knjgle mduf_r rfcw _ars_jjwbm&rfcgpncpdmpk_lacslbcp qncagdgaagpask+ qr_lacq', Uc qccuf_r ncmnjcbm*dmpcv_knjc* ufcl uc _qi rfck rmamslr rfc `c_bq mp_pp_lecrfc `jmaiq mpq_wrfc bgegrq`_aiu_pb* mpufcl uc bgpcarjw m`qcptcrfcgp`cf_tgmp_qgrsldmjbq,Qsaf qncagdga`cf_tgmpq_pctcpwbgddcpclr dpmkfmu ncmnjcaf_p_arcpgxcrfckqcjtcq ejm`_jjw_qglrpmtcprcb*_eepcqqgtc*mp dpgclbjw*_lb rfc bgddcpclacqf_tc qcpgmsqkc_qspckclr gknjga_rgmlq&Kgqafcj* /746',
C_pjwrp_grnqwafmjmewu_q _ nqwafmjmewesgbcbkmqrjw `w umpbqgl rfc bgargml_pw*_qgl ?jjnmprÜq&/715' qc_paf*wgcjbglerfc fslbpcbq mdrcpkq dgl_jjw asjjcb dpmk_l ctcl j_pecplsk`cp md_bhcargtcq,Mrfcp rp_grnqwafmjmegqrq_r+ rcknrcb rmdglbu_wqrmfmlc bmul rfgqjgqrkmpcdglcjw*sqgle _ t_pgcrwmdmdrcl gleclgmsqrcaflgoscq* kmqr lmr_`jw d_armp_l_jwqgq,Rfc qrpseejc` ca_kc _l _rrcknr rmdglb _ dglgrc_lb* fmncdsjjw*pcj_rgtcjwqk_jj r_vmlmkwmdrfc `_qga bgkclqgmlqmdncpqml_jgrw_lb qmag_j`cf_tgmp, Rfgq pck_glq mlc mdrfc k_gl m`hcargtcqmdrfc dgcjb*ugrf _ bgqrglargtckcrfmbmjmew_lb* Grfgli* ugrf bgqrgla+ rgtc sqcq*amlrpg`srgmlq*_lb jgkgr_rgmlq,
Rfc jmlc tmgacqnc_igle msr_e_glqrrfgq bgkclqgml_jgx_rgmlmdncpqml_jgrw ugrflsk`cpq u_q Empbml?jjnmpr*ufm* `cegllgle gl rfc /71.q* glqgqrcbml c_af ncpqmlÜqslgosclcqq _lb glbgtgbs_jgrw,Kmqr ufm fc_pb Empbml?jjnmpr ucpc cvagrcb`w rfc gbgmep_nfga_nnpm_affc cqnmsqcb,@sr*aspgmsqjw*fgqmul umpi &?jjnmpr*Tcplml* $ Jglbxcw* /74.' glqngpcbqrgjjkmpc_rrcknrq rma_rcempgxc ncmnjcml qjmrqmpbgkclqgmlqrf_r |cpc rfc npcdcppcbw_pbqrgaiqmdrfc nqwafmjm+
egqrp_rfcprf_l ml rfc cosgt_jclac aj_qqcqmdrfc ncpqml` cgle _qqcqqcb,Kmpc dmpacdsjjwrf_l mrfcpq`cdmpcfgk* ?jjnmpr&/715*n, 1' _prgasj_rcbrfc cqqclacmd rfc rp_grnmqgrgml*aj_gkgle rf_r rfc glbgtgbs_jgq_l ÜÜ_k_xglejwqr_`jc _lb qcjd+ amlr_glcbqwqrck rf_r amlr_glqclbspgle eclcp_jgxcbbgqnmqgrgmlq,Mspr_qi* gl fgq tgcu* u_q rmqc_pafdmprfmqc qr_`jc `pm_bbgqnmqgrgmlq_q k_lgdcqrcb`c+ f_tgmp_jjw*_lb rf_r f_q `ccl rfc k_hmpkgqqgmlmdrp_grnqwafmjmewdmpk_lw bca_bcq,
Fmu dpsgrdsjf_q rfgq qc_paf`ccl= Gl rpwglerm_lqucp rfgq oscqrgmlgr gq gknmpr_lrrmbgqapgkgl_rcajc_pjw`cruccl bckmlqrp_rgmlqmdrcknmp_jqr_`gjgrwml rfc mlc f_lb _lb apmqq+qgrs_rgml_jeclcp_jgrwmpamlqgqrclawml rfc mrfcp,Kmpc rf_l _ bca_bc_emrfc _t_gj_`jc pcqc_pafnpmtgbcbctgbclac dmpqgelgdga_lrrck+ nmp_j qr_`gjgrw` sr _jqm+_lb d_p kmpc qspnpgqgle_r rfc rgkc++dmpbgq+ apgkgl_rgtclcqqmp qncagdgagrw gl fmu `cf_tgmpt_pgcq_apmqqqgrs_rgmlq,Qsk+ k_pgxglerfmqcdglbgleq*Gamlajsbcb8 ?jrfmsef `cf_tgmpn_rrcplqmdrclk_w `c qr_`jc* rfcw sqs_jjw_pclmr fgefjw eclcp_jgxcb_apmqqqgrs_rgmlqYKgqafcj*/746* n, 060',
Gl rfc jmle bc`_rc ml rfgq rmngalm mlc qcpgmsqjwoscqrgmlqrf_r jgtcq f_tc amlrglsgrw_lb rf_r uc ncpacgtcmspqcjtcq_lb mrfcpq_qglbgtgbs_jqufm k_glr_gl _ qr_`jc gbclrgrwmtcprgkc* ctcl ufcl mspqncagdga_argmlqaf_lec _apmqqgrs_+ rgmlq&Kgqafcj*/746* /751* /755', ?jrfmsef rcknmp_jqr_`gjgrwgl rfc n_rrcplgle mdglbgtgbs_jjgtcq*gl qcjd+ncpacnrgmlq*_lb gl fmu mrfcpqtgcu sq qcckq ctgbclr* rfcpc,gqpmmkdmpqcpgmsqbgq_epcckclr_`msrrfc l_rspc* bcepcc*_lb kc_lgle md rfc ÜÜcpp_rga_lb slctclÜÜ pcj_rgmlqfgnqrwnga_jjwdmslb ufcl apmqq+qgrs_rgml_j amlqgqrclawgqqrsbgcbugrf m`hcargtckc_qspcqmd`cf_tgmp,Rm` c qspc*rfgqpcqsjr k_w pcdjcarkc_qspckclr npm`jckq*_q@jmai&/755' _lb Cnqrcgl&/757' qseecqr, @crrcpkc_qspcqugjj qspcjwnpmtgbc`crrcpqsnnmprdmprfc cvgqrclacmdkc_lgle+ dsjjwmpe_lgxcb`cf_tgmpn_rrcplq,@sr*gl kw tgcu* `crrcp kc_qspcq_lb kmpc dglc+ep_glcb_l_jwqcqqfmsjb _jqmk_ic grctcl kmpc _nn_pclrrf_r glbgtgbs_jq bgqapgkgl_rc_kmle qgrs_rgmlq_aampbglermqs`hcargtccosgt_jclacq, Glbgtgbs_j `cf_tgmpgqmpe_lgxcbgl rcpkqmdrfcqc ncpqml_jkc_lgleq* lmr rfmqcmdrfc rp_gr nqwafmjmegqr,?jrfmsef qmkcrgkcqrfc qs`hcarÜqcosgt_jclacqugjj amglagbcugrf rfc lmkmrfcrga rp_gra_rcempgcqmdrfc _qqcqqmp*mdrclrfcw ugjj lmr &Kgqafcj$ Nc_ic* umpi gl npmepcqq',Ufcrfcp mplmr rfc bcepccmdamppcqnmlbclacgqhsbecb _bcos_rc_lb sqcdsjbcnclbq ml _ fmqrmdamlqgbcp_rgmlq*_lb cqncag_jjwml mlcÜq nspnmqc&Kgqafcj* /757',
LIMITATIONS OF THE CLASSICAL APPROACH
Rfc gkn_armdrp_grnqwafmjmewf_q `ccl jgkgrcbqcpgmsqjw`ca_sqcfsk_l amlqgq+ rclagcq_lb nqwafmjmega_jcosgt_jclacq _pckmpcamknjcv _lb amelgrgtcjwaml+ qrpsarcbrf_l lmkmrfcrgarp_grfcmpwqseecqrq,Rp_bgrgml_jjw*rfc qc_pafdmpaml+ qgqrclr ncpqml_jgrwrp_grq_lb rwncqf_q _qqskcb ucjj+bcdglcb* bgqrglar*_lb lmlmtcpj_nngle a_rcempgcqgl ufgaf c_af kck`cp md_ ncpqml_jgrwa_rcempwf_q
_jj rfc bcdglgledc_rspcqmdrf_r a_rcempw,@sr_jrfmsef qsaf lc_rlcqq _lb cos_jgrw k_w `c `sgjr glrm_prgdgag_j*jmega_jr_vmlmkgcq*grbmcqlmr qcck rmaf_p_arcpgxc rfc a_rcempgcqmdm`hcarq*ncmnjc*_lb qgrs_rgmlqclamslrcpcb gl rfc l_rsp_j umpjb, ?q Ugrreclqrcgl &/731' dgpqrlmrcb* rfc kck`cpq mdamkkml ctcpwb_wa_rcempgcq bmlmr qf_pc_jj md_ qcrmdqglejwlcacqq_pw_lb hmglrjwqsddgagclrdc_rspcqapgrga_j dmpa_rcempwkck`cpqfgn, Ufcl mlc cv_kglcq _ qcrmdl_rsp_j m`hcarq_jj j_`cjcb `w mlc eclcp_j rcpk* mlc ugjj lmr dglb _ qglejc qcr mddc_rspcqqf_pcb `w _jj kck`cpq mdrfc a_rcempw9glqrc_b*mlc dglbq_ n_rrcpl mdmtcpj_nngleqgkgj_pgrgcq* _ d_kgjwpcqck`j_lac qrpsarspc,
K_lw jglesgqrq* nfgjmqmnfcpq*_lb nqwafmjmegqrqdmjjmugle Ugrreclqrcgl &J_`mt* /7519 J_imdd* /7509 Jcfpcp* /75.9 Pmqaf* Kcptgq* Ep_w*Hmflqml* $ @mwcq+@p_ck*/7549 Qkgrf* /7549 Rtcpqiw* /755' lmu qseecqr rf_r l_rsp_j qck_lrga a_rcempgcq_pcÜÜdsxxwqcrqÜÜrf_r tgmj_rcrfc cvncar_rgmlqmdrfc aj_qqga_j _jj+mp+lmlcnmqgrgml8L_rsp_j a_rcempgcq_pcmpe_lgxcb_pmslbnpmrmrwnga_jcv_k+ njcq mddma_jqrgksjg &rfc `cqr cv_knjcq md_ amlacnr'* ugrf jcqq npmrmrwnga_j kck`cpq dmpkgle _ amlrglssk _u_w dpmk rfc aclrp_j npmrmrwngacvcknj_pq &Pmqaf*/753', Esgbcb`w rfgqnpmrmrwnga_jgrwtgcu* _lb pcamelgxglerf_r ncpqml a_rcempgcq_pc dsxxw qcrq* L_law A_lrmp_lb Gf_tc `ccl cvnjmpglerfc psjcq ncmnjcsqc gl k_igle hsbekclrq _`msrrfc ajc_pcqrmpkmqr npmrmrwnga_jcvckn+ j_pq mdqsaf ncpqml a_rcempgcq_q cvrp_tcprq&A_lrmp*rfgq tmjskc9 A_lrmp,$ Kgqafcj* /757', Grgqrm`c fmncb rf_r qsaf qrsbgcqmdnpmrmrwnga_jgrwpsjcq _lb ÜÜd_kgjwpcqck`j_lacÜÜnpglagnjcqugjj sjrgk_rcjw _jjmu _ `crrcp slbcpqr_lbgle md rfc l_rspc mdamlqgqrclaw_lb amfcpclac cvrp_arcbdpmkt_pg_rgmlqgl `cf_tgmp, Qmkcmlc ufm f_q qccl _ rfmsq_lb Nga_qqmq*c_af mdufgaf gq slgosc* a_l bcrcpkglc &sqs_jjwosgrc c_qgjw'ufcrfcp _ npctgmsqjwslqccl umpi gq_ rpsc Nga_qqm*_l gkgr_rgml*mprfc umpi mdqmkcmlc cjqc, Rfc q_kc npmacqqcqrf_r _jjmu rfgq iglb mdn_rrcpl pcamelgrgml+cvrp_argmlmd_ aclrp_j bgqrglargtcegqrmp slgrw dpmkepc_rbgtcpqgrw+ksqrqspcjw` c `_qgadmpmsppcamelgrgmlmdgbclrgrw _lb amfcpclac gl rfc d_acmd` cf_tgmp_j t_pg_`gjgrw,
Rp_grnqwafmjmewf_q _jqm`ccl jgkgrcb` ca_sqc grqdmasqgqlmr _bbpcqqcb_r rfc djmu md` cf_tgmp lmp gl _lw u_w jglicb rmrfc bwl_kga glrcp_argmlqrf_r emml ufcpc ncmnjc_ars_jjw_pcjgtgle rfcgpjgtcq, Grf_q rmbmglqrc_bugrf rfc cddmprrm r_vmlmkgxcrfc umpjb*rmasr sn fsk_l os_jgrgcq_lb rfc qrpc_k md_argmlqglrm lc_r bgkclqgmlq* _lb rmnpmtgbcqmkc iglb mdr_vmlmkw ufgaf asrq ncmnjcgl rfcgp nj_acq+`sr ml rfc nqwafmjmegqrÜqrfcmpcrga_jjwnpcdcppcbd_tmpgrcbgkcl+ qgmlqp_rfcp rf_l ml rfc ncpqmlÜq,Rfc pcqsjrgq_ dmasqml `cruccl+ncpqml bgd+ dcpclacq*` cruccl+ncpqml t_pg_lac* p_rfcp rf_l ml ugrfgl+ncpqmlt_pg_lac _q gr pcj_rcqrmcltgpmlkclr_j af_lecq, Rfcqc cddmprqf_tc amlqskcb ksaf clcpew_lb wgcjbcbk_lw glrcpcqrglesqcdsjaj_qqgdga_rgmlqafckcq &Esgjdmpb*/753', Sldmp+ rsl_rcjw rfcqc cddmprqbmlmr _bbpcqqrfc npmacqqcqslbcpjwgle ncpqml_jgrw*rclb+ gle p_rfcprmaj_qqgdwqs`epmsnqmpncmnjcrf_l rma_nrspc_lb cvnj_gl rfc mlemgle djmumdrfcgp `cf_tgmp,
Qrgksj_rcbcqncag_jjw`w rfc rfmsefrdsj upgrgleqmdqsaf ncpqmlmjmegqrq_q Fclpw Kspp_w&/716' _lb B_tgb KaAjcjj_lb &/73/'* qmkcnqwafmjmegqrqf_tc jmle pcamelgxcbrfcqc jgkgr_rgmlq_lb rpgcbrmkmtc _u_w dpmk_l cvajsqgtc ncpqml+dmasqrmqrsbwrfc glrcp_argmlqmdncpqmlqugrf rfcgpumpjbqgl _ kmpc npmacqq+mpgclrcbd_qfgml,Ncpf_nqkmqrgldjsclrg_jgl rfc bgqamtcpwmdrfc pmjcmd qmag_jamlrcvrqu_q Ispr Jcugl Üq&/73/' _prgasj_rgmldrfc dgcjbmddmpacqmncp_r+ gle gl _lw egtcl qgrs_rgml_r rfc kmkclr, Bgq_nnmglrkclrugrf rfc `slbjcq md amppcj_rgmlamcddgagclrqwgcjbcb`w rp_bgrgml_jrp_grnqwafmjmew_bbcbrmrfc _n+ nc_jmdrfc cvncpgkclr_j_nnpm_afrmrfc _l_jwqgqmdÜÜ`_qganpmacqqcqÜÜgldjscla+ gle _rrgrsbcq_lb `cf_tgmpcqnmsqcb`w rfc k_glqrpc_k qmag_jnqwafmjmewmd Jcugl Üqbgqagnjcq&Dcqrglecp*/735', Sldmprsl_rcjw*rfc ncpqmlmjmega_jmlacplq mdrfgqlcu `pccbmdcvncpgkclr_jqmag_jnqwafmjmegqrqucpc eclcp_jjwjgkgrcbrm rfpmugle gl _ dcu ncpqml_jgrwkc_qspcq &mdrclfmkck_bc _lb sqs_jjwmd slilmul pcjg_`gjgrw'ufgjc qc_pafgledmpcvncpgkclr_jjwk_lgnsj_rcb k_gl cd+ dcarqgl j_`mp_rmpwqrsbgcqmdglrcpcqrglengcacqmdqmag_j`cf_tgmp, Dmpk_lw qmag_jnqwafmjmegqrqÜglbgtgbs_jbgddcpclacq_r`cqr `ca_kc _lagjj_pwÜkglmpb_r_9 _r umpqr*rfcw ucpc cppmpt_pg_lacrm` c m`tg_rcb` w ajc_lcp kcrfmbmjmew_lb kmpcnmrclr glbcnclbclr t_pg_`jcq,Gl rfc /73.q _lb /74.q* rfmqcufm qrsbgcb qmag_jnpmacqqcqvncpgkclr_jjwrfsq rclbcb rmf_tc jgrrjcglrcpcqrgl ncpqml_jgrw* ufcpc_qrfmqcufm ucpcamkkgrrcbrmqrsbwglencpqmlqdmslbgrkmqramltclgclr rmqrsbwrfck gl pcj_rgtcgqmj_rgmlugrf rfc lmlcvncpgkclr_j &g,c,*amppcj_rgml_j' kcrfmbq, Rfc pgdr`cruccl ncpqml_jgrw_lb qmag_jnqwafmjmewugbclcb* rmrfc bcrpgkclr md`mrf clbc_tmpq,
THE PSYCHODYNAMIC SEARCH FOR UNDERLYING DISPOSITIONS
Grgq*Grfgli* `ca_sqcmdrfc qr_rga*bcqapgnrgtc*_lb lml_l_jwrgaos_jgrwmdrp_gr nqwafmjmewrf_r k_lw mdsq ucpc qmcvagrcbufcl uc dgpqra_kc _apmqqrfc nqwafmbwl_kga_nnpm_af,Uc dmslbrfc upgrgleqmdDpcsb_lb fgqdmjjmucpqrm` c _l clmpkmsqjwqrgksj_rgle* gltgemp_rgleu_w mdecrrgle `cwmlb j_`cjgle mp epmsngleq_lb glrmc_af ncpqmlÜqslgosc nqwafc, Dmpkc* rfc _nnc_j mdrfc nqwafmbwl_kga_nnpm_af*ufcl Gdgpqrclamslrcpcbgr_q_ ep_bs_rcqrsbclr gl rfc /73.q* u_q rf_r _r j_qrrfcpc qcckcb rm` c _ u_wmddglbgleamlqgqrclagcq_qrfcw cvgqrdmprfc glbgtgbs_jgl _ u_w rf_r u_q lmr m`tgmsq_r rfc jctcj mdqspd_ac `cf_tgmp,Rfcqc cosgt_jclagcqucpc lmr bmaskclrcb `w rfc iglb mdamslrglemd qncagdga`cf_tgmp_jqgkgj_pgrgcqrf_r af_p_arcpgxcbrfc umpi mdF_prqfmplc_lb K_w &/706'* ufm fmncbrmqfmu rf_r rfc afgjb ufm gqfmlcqr _`msrlmr afc_rgle ufcl gramkcqrm_l _pgrfkcrgarcqrgq_jqmfmlcqr _`msr lmr afc_rgle ufcl *gr amkcq rm _ qncjjgle rcqr, Glqrc_b*nqwafmbwl_kgarfcmpgqrq_qqcprcbrf_r rfc pcj_rgmlqfgn`cruccl glbga_rmpq*glrp_nqwafgabgqnmqgrgmlq*_lb mtcpr`cf_tgmp
k_w lmr `c asksj_rgtc _lb _bbgrgtc*_qrfc rp_gr_nnpm_af_b _qqskcb, P_rfcp* rfc pcj_rgmlqfgn`cruccl qgel _lb bgqnmqgrgmlk_w `c qs`rjc* glbgpcar*_lb aml+ rp_bgarmpw_lb k_w gltmjtc _jj iglbq mdrp_lqdmpk_rgmlq,
Glbccb* ksaf mdrfc cvagrckclr mdrfc nqwafm_l_jwrga_nnpm_afu_q rf_r gr npmtgbcbrfc lmrgml mdrp_lqdmpk_rgml+rfc lmrgml rf_r rfc q_kc kmrgtc amsjb k_lgdcqr grqcjdgl _jj qmprqmdu_wq*bgqnj_wgle_ ugbc p_lec mdtgagqqgrsbcq,Rfsq Hmc*ufm pcnc_rcbjwq_wqfc gqtcpw _eepcqqgtcml oscqrgmll_gpcq*k_w lmr `c kmpc _eepcqqgtcrf_l Af_pjcq* ufm aj_gkq rm `c sl_eepcqqgtc _lb clbmpqcq kmqrjwrgkgb_bhcargtcq9glbccb* rfc kmpcHmcglqgqrqml fgq _eepcqqgtclcqq*rfc jcqq _eepcqqgtc_lb rfc kmpc n_qqgtc+bcnclbclr fc kgefr pc_jjwnpmtcrm `c* ufcpc_q Af_pjcq* rfc mqrclqg`jwn_qqgtcmlc* k_w glbgpcarjwpctc_j fgkqcjd rm` c _ a_sjbpml mdqrgdjcb_eepcqqgtcgknsjqcq, Rfc fmnc u_q rf_r pcamelgrgmlmd slbcpjwgle ÜÜeclmrwngaÜÜcosgt_jclacq umsjb cl_`jc mlcêrmqcc rfc qgkgj_pgrgcq slgrgle _jj iglbq mdnfclmrwngaqspd_act_pg_rgmlq_lb qcckgle amlrp_bgargmlqgl `cf_tgmp, Rfc cvagrckclr fcpc u_q rf_r _r j_qr rfcpc u_q _rrclrgml rm a_sq_j bwl_kgaq*ugrf _ pcamelgrgmlrf_r uf_r ncmnjcbmgqqcjcargtc*kmrgt_rcb*_lb dsjj mdamldjgar*_lb f_q rm`c bcambcbgl rcpkq mduf_r grpc_jjwkc_lq p_rfcprf_l fmu grkcpcjw qcckq &Cpbcjwg$ Emjb`cpe* /757',
Sldmprsl_rcjw*rfc glgrg_jcvs`cp_lac _lb fgef npmkgqcmdrfc nqwafmbwl_kga _nnpm_afu_q qmmldmjjmucb`w _ qm`cpgle_lb eclcp_jjw bgqk_j ckngpga_jdjmmb mdqrsbgcqrf_r bccnjw oscqrgmlcbrfc l_rspc* gknmpr_lac*_lb ctcl rfc tcpw cvgqrclacmdqsaf `_qganqwafmbwl_kganpmacqqcq_qpcnpcqqgml&Kgqafcj* /754', @sr` ca_sqc rfc qrsbgcqrfckqcjtcq amsjbpc_bgjw`c _aasqcb*mdrclhsqrgdg_`jw*md dj_uq _lb jgkgr_rgmlqgl qamnc_lb gl kcrfmb* rfc nqwafmbwl_kga_nnpm_afgrqcjd rclbcb rmugrfqr_lb rfc ckngpga_j_qq_sjrqml grqicw amlqrpsarq,Rfc kmqrqcpgmsq bgqgjjsqgmlkclrugrf nqwafmbwl_kga_nnpm_afcq`ce_l rm_pgqc*gl kw tgcu* lmr qmksaf dpmkrfc d_gjspcrmt_jgb_rcapsag_jamlqrpsarqcvncpgkclr_jjw _qdpmkrfc ajglga_jcvncpgclacqmdrfc /73.q _lb c_pjw/74.q ugrf ajgclrq qccigle fcjn, Gr u_q gl rf_r ajglga_jamlrcvr*lmr gl rfc j_`mp_rmpw*rf_r ajglgag_lq`ca_kc glapc_q+ glejw bs`gmsq_`msrrfc t_jsc mdrfc nqwafmbwl_kganmprp_grqrmufgaf rfcw ucpc bctmrgle qmksaf mdrfcgprgkc &Kgqafcj* /7469Ncrcpqml*/7469Tcplml* /742',
Esgbcb `w rfc tgcu rf_r rcqrpcqnmlqcq_pckcpcjw glbgpcark_lgdcqr_rgmlqmd slbcpjwgle nqwafmbwl_kganpmacqqcq*_qqcqqmpqf_b dmpwc_pqcjgagrcbqgelqqsaf _q ngarspcbp_ugleq* _qqmag_rgmlqrmgli`jmrq* mpqrmpgcqrmjbrm_k`gesmsqnga+ rspcq*ufmqc bckmlqrp_`jc ckngpga_jpcj_rgmlqrmrfc glbgtgbs_jÜqgknmpr_lrjgdc `cf_tgmpqrclbcb rm` c rclsmsq _lb pckmrc,Qicnrgagqk_`msrrfc srgjgrwmdqsaf _qqcqqkclrq _pmqcdpmk_ epmugleumppwrf_r rfc pcqsjrglenqwafmbwl_kgancp+ qml_jgrwbg_elmqrgaq*rmmmdrcldmpksj_rcbugrf jgrrjcpce_pbdmprfc ajgclrÜqmul amlqrpsargmlmdfgq jgdc_lb fgq qncagdga`cf_tgmpq* kgefr &jgic rfmqc mdrp_gr nqwafmjmew'`c cvcpagqcqgl qrcpcmrwnglerf_r kgqq rfc slgosclcqq mdrfc glbg+ tgbs_j _lb ngl ncmnjcglqrc_bml _ amlrglssk mdrfcmpw+qsnnjgcbj_`cjq ufgjc qjgefrgle rfcgp ctcpwb_wnpm`jckq mdjgtgle, @sr_ dmasqml rfc gkkcbg_rc `c+ f_tgmp_jrpms`jcqmdrfc ajgclr u_q dmpk_lw wc_pqugbcjwpce_pbcb_ql_gtc _lb
f_x_pbmsq`ca_sqcrfcqc npm`jckq&nfm`g_q*qcvs_jbwqdslargmlq*dcrgqfcq'ucpc amlqrpscbkcpcjw _q qwknrmkq _lb ctcl _qk_lgdcqr_rgmlqmd pcqgqr_lacq, Rp_bgrgml_jjw*rfc ajglgag_lÜqr_qi f_b `ccl rmem` cwmlb`cf_tgmp_jamknj_glrqrm slbcpjwgle nqwafmbwl_kgaq*_lb rfc dc_pmdqwknrmk qs`qrgrsrgmljcb k_lw rm cqafcu bgpcar`cf_tgmpglrcptclrgml, @srrfcqc dc_pqmd qwknrmk qs`qrgrsrgml rsplcb msrrm` c j_pecjwslhsqrgdgcb&Epmqq`cpe*/742', Ajgclrq ufmqc k_j_b_n| rgtc `cf_tgmpqucpc bgpcarjw_jjctg_rcb*p_rfcprf_l `camkgle tgargkgxcb`w qs`+ qrgrsrcbqwknrmkq*_nnc_pcbkmpcjgicjw rmqfmu eclcp_jgxcbe_glqdpmkmtcp+ amkgle rfcgpmpgegl_jf_lbga_nq&@_lbsp_*/747',
Gl rfc /73.q _lb /74.q k_lw ckngpga_jqrsbgcqa_pcdsjjwgltcqrge_rcbajglg+ ag_lqÜcddmprqrmgldcp` pm_bbgqnmqgrgmlqg bgpcarjwdpmkqncagdgaqwknrmk_rga qgelq_lb rmslp_tcj bgqesgqcqgl mpbcprmslamtcp rfc fwnmrfcrga_jbgqnmqgrgmlq rf_r kgefr `c rfcgppmmrq,Rfc pcqsjrqeclcp_jjwglbga_rcbrf_r rfc bgqgjjsqgmlkclr `cegllgle rm` c cvnpcqqcb`w qicnrgaqu_q ckngpga_jjwhsqrgdgcb,Rfc rmr_jdglb+ gleq oscqrgmlcbrfc srgjgrwmdajglga_jhsbekclrq ctcl ufcl rfc hsbecqucpc ucjj+rp_glcbcvncprnqwafmbwl_kgagqrqumpigle ugrf ajgclrqgl ajglga_jamlrcvrq _lb sqgle rfcgpmul npcdcppcbrcaflgoscq, Ml rfc ufmjc* ajglgag_lqÜ_qqcqqkclrq mdslbcpjwgle eclmrwngabgqnmqgrgmlqf_tc lmr npcbgarcb`cf_tgmp` crrcp rf_l rfc ncpqmlÜqmul bgpcarqcjd+_qqcqqkclr*qgknjc glbgacqmdbgpcarjwpcjct_lr n_qr `cf_tgmp* mpbckmep_nfgat_pg_`jcq&Kgqafcj* /746* /7509 Ncrcpqml*/746', Kmpcmtcp*rmqmkcbcepcc*nqwafmbwl_kgagldcpclacq*jgic bgqnmqgrgml_j_rrpg`s+ rgmlq*_nnc_prmpcdjcargjjsqmpwamppcj_rgmlqncpncrs_rcb`w qf_pcbqck_lrga mp+ e_lgx_rgmlq_lb `cjgcdqwqrckq&Af_nk_l $ Af_nk_l* /7479BÜ?lbp_bc*/75.9 Qfucbcp* /753', Glapc_qglejwgr_nnc_pcbrf_r rfc glrpgesglenqwafgaqrpsarspcq _lb bwl_kgaq rf_r ajglgag_lqcj_`mp_rcb_r a_qcamldcpclacqk_w f_tc _bbcb kmpcrmrfc ucgefr mdrfc ajgclrqÜbg_elmqrgadmjbcpqrf_l rmrfc bcqgelmdrpc_r+ kclrq r_gjmpcbrmrfcgpqncagdgalccbq _lb agpaskqr_lacq,?q bgqrpcqqgle_q rfc d_gjspcrm bckmlqrp_rc rfc srgjgrwmd rfc gldcpclacq _lb npcbgargmlqmd nqwafmbwl_kga_jjwmpgclrcbajglgag_lqu_q rfc ctgbclac ml rfc jgkgr_rgmlqmd nqwafmbwl_kgarpc_rkclrq, ?jrfmsef qmkcrgkcqnqwafmbwl_kganqwafmrfcp_nw qcckcb `crrcp rf_l lm rpc_rkclr _r _jj* rfc _nnpm_afj_aicb cddga_awufcl amk+ n_pcbrmkmpc n_pqgkmlgmsq_jrcpl_rgtcq&@_lbsp_*/7479 I_xbgl $ Ugjqml* /756', Kmpcmtcp*qicnrgaqlmrcbncpacnrgtcjwrf_r bwl_kga rfcp_nwkgefr jc_b rm _l gbcmjmega_jamltcpqgmlrmrfc `cjgcdqwqrckmdrfc rfcp_ngqrp_rfcprf_l rm_ qmjsrgmldmprfc ajgclrÜqnpm`jckq,
CONTEMPORARY. COGNITIVE SOCIAL-LEARNING APPROACHES
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? `cf_tgmp rfcmpwamlrpg`srgmlmdqncag_jglrcpcqrdmpncpqml_jgrwnqwafmjmew gqrfc tgcu rf_r `cf_tgmp_j bgqamlrglsgrgcq+pc_jmlcq _lb lmr kcpcjw qsncpdgag_j mprpgtg_jqspd_acaf_lecq+_pc n_prmdrfc eclsglc nfclmkcl_ mdncpqml_jgrw &Kgqafcj* /746* /751', Rfgqncpqncargtcqseecqrqrf_r _l _bcos_rcamlacnrs_jgx_+ rgmlmdncpqml_jgrwf_q rmpcamelgxcrf_r ncmnjcaf_lec _qrfc amlbgrgmlqmdrfcgp jgtcq af_lec _lb rf_r rfcqc af_lecq _pceclsglc* lmr kcpcjw nfclmrwnga,Gl rf_r tgcu* _l _bcos_rc _aamslrmdfsk_l ncpqml_jgrwksqr f_tc _q ksaf pmmkdmp fsk_l bgqapgkgl_rgml_qdmpeclcp_jgx_rgml*_qksaf nj_ac dmpncpqml_jgrwaf_lec _q dmpqr_`gjgrw*_lb _q ksaf amlacpl dmpmlcÜqqcjd+pcesj_rgml_qdmpfgq mpfcp tgargkgx_rgml`w cgrfcpclbspgle glrp_nqwafgadmpacqmp` w kmkclr_pw cltgpml+ kclr_j amlqrp_glrq,
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amlbgrgmlq_lb cltgpmlkclrq glrcp_arugrf rfc ncmnjcgl rfck, Rf_r gq*uc ksqr em `cwmlb bcqapgnrgmlqmdrfc cltgpmlkclr rm rfc nqwafmjmega_jnpmacqqcq rfpmsef ufgaf cltgpmlkclr_j amlbgrgmlq_lb ncmnjcgldjsclac c_af mrfcppcagn+ pma_jjw,
Gl rfc _l_jwqgqmdrfgq glrcp_argml*amlrcknmp_pw`cf_tgmp rfcmpgqrqkmtcb p_ngbjw` cwmlb rfc m`hcargtccltgpmlkclr _lb rmmi glapc_qgle_aamslr md amelgrgtc+qwk`mjganpmacqqcq*`mrf _qtgr_j dmpqmag_jjc_plgle &@_lbsp_*/747' _lb _q icw amknmlclrq mdglbgtgbs_jgrw&Kgqafcj* /751', Kmtgle `cwmlb rfc f_`gr+jc_plgle_lb bpgtcdmpksj_rgmlqmdc_pjgcpjc_plgle kmbcjq*_dmasqml amelg+ rgmleclcp_jjw _lb* qncagdga_jjw*ml rfc pmjcmdqs`hcargtccvncar_lagcq*t_jscq* _lb em_jq&Pmrrcp*/732' _lb mdqcjd+glqrpsargmlq*nj_lq* _lb qcjd+pcesj_rmpwq q+ rckq &@_lbsp_*/7559 Kcgafcl`_sk* /755* Kgqafcj* /751' f_q glapc_qglejw af_p_arcpgxcb_nnjga_rgmlqmdrfc `cf_tgmp_j_nnpm_afrmrfc qrsbwmdncpqmlq,
Amlrcknmp_pwtcpqgmlqmd`cf_tgmprfcmpwcknf_qgxc rf_r uf_r mlc bmcq_lb cvncpgclacqbcnclbq ml qcjd+ct_js_rgtcnpmacqqcq*qcjd+qr_lb_pbq*_lb qcjd+ cqrgk_rcq_lb lmr kcpcjwml cltgpmlkclr_j _lb cvrcpl_j agpaskqr_lacq&@_lbsp_* /7559I_ldcp* /753', Rfcw amlrglscrmamelgrgtgxcrp_bgrgml_j`cf_tgmprfcmpw`w cknf_qgxgle rf_r fmu ctclrq _pcglrcpnpcrcbk_w `c kmpcapsag_jrf_l rfc ctclrq rfckqcjtcq, Jgicugqc*rfcw tgcu rfc glbgtgbs_jÜq_u_pclcqqmdrfc amlrgleclagcq gl rfc qgrs_rgml&fgqmpfcp slbcpqr_lbgle mduf_r `cf_tgmpjc_bqrmuf_r msramkc' _q_ apsag_jbcrcpkgl_lr mdrfc pcqsjrgle_argmlq_lb afmgacq,Dgl_jjw*rfcw qrpcqq rf_r _lw egtcl qrgksjsqamlbgrgmlk_w f_tc _ t_pgcrwmdcddcarq*bcnclbgle ml fmu rfc glbgtgbs_jamlqrpscq_lb rp_lqdmpkqgr&Kgqafcj*/752', Rfc pcqsjrgq_ ksaf qgknjcp_lb jcqqkcaf_lga_j tgcu mdrfc glbgtgbs_j*ugrf dsprfcpct_nmp_+ rgmlmdrfc `mslb_pgcq` cruccl rfc ncpqmlmjmega_j*qmag_j*_lb amelgrgtcbm+ k_glq, Rfc pcqsjr_jqmgq_l ckcpegle tgcu mdrfc ncpqml_q_ amelgrgtcapc_rspc ugrf `mrf gknpcqqgtcamelgrgtcamkncrclagcq_lb qs`qr_lrg_jhsbekclr_j d_j+ jg`gjgrgcq,
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uc ucpc l_gtc* `sr uc ucpc qspnpgqcbrmdglb rf_r `w rfc rgkc rfc afgjbpcl pc_afcb_`msr_ec /.* rfcw ilcu _l gknpcqqgtc_kmslr mdnqwafmjmew,Rfcw ilcu* dmpcv_knjc* _`msrrfc _eepcqqgml+d_agjgr_rglecddcarqmdu_rafgle _eepcq+ qgtckmbcjq9rfcw ilcu rf_r jgtc kmbcjgle ugrf esgbcbn_prgagn_rgmlgq_ kmpc cddcargtcrpc_rkclr dmpnfm`g_qrf_l cgrfcpqwqrck_rgabcqclqgrgx_rgmlpqwk`mjga &dgjk+`_qcb'kmbcjgle9rfcw ilcu rf_r F_pjmuÜqdpgefrclcbkmlicwq umsjbajgle rmrfc kgjijcqq rcppwajmrf kmrfcp kmpc rf_l rmrfc ugpcmlc ugrf kgji, ?lb _jrfmsef fourth ep_bcpqbgblmrilmu rf_r _ `wqr_lbcpugjj `c kmpcjgicjw rmfcjn ufcl _jmlc rf_l ufcl gl _ epmsn*rfgqmqrclqg`jclmlm`tgmsqglqgefrmdqmag_j nqwafmjmewu_q ilmul rmafgjbpcl `w rfc rgkc rfcw pc_afcbrfc qgvrfep_bc,
Jcqruc bcagbcrmpcjwcvajsqgtcjwml mspafgjbpclÜqnqwafmjmega_jilmujcbec* jcr kc cknf_qgxcrf_r rfcgpilmujcbec u_q lmr jgkgrjcqq8Rfcw ucpc qwqrck_rg+ a_jjwupmle*dmpcv_knjc* _`msramldmpkgrwgl rfc ?qaf qgrs_rgml_lb _`msrrfc cddcarqmdamelgrgtcbgqqml_lac*_lb rfcw bgblmr ilmu N_tjmtÜqbgqamtcpw_`msr aj_qqga_jamlbgrgmlgle,Rfcw bgb*fmuctcp* ilmu rf_r glrcpkgrrclrpcgldmpackclr k_icq QigllcpÜqngecmlqncai jmlecp_drcprfc dmmbqrmnq,Rfc d_arrf_r `w ep_bc qgvuc ecr amppcj_rgmlq_ fgef _q,71 (N ; /.' `cruccl ilmujcbec _lb glrcjjg+ eclac rcqrqampcqk_icq sq dccj rf_r qnmlr_lcmsqilmujcbec mdnqwafmjmega_j npglagnjcq_`msrqmag_j`cf_tgmpk_w glbccb `c _l gknmpr_lrglepcbgclrmdncp+ qml_j _lb amelgrgtcamkncrclac* _lb grqbctcjmnkclr_j amspqck_w `c umprf nspqsgleqwqrck_rga_jjw,
Gl kw mul tcpqgmlmdrfc amelgrgtc+qmag_jjc plgle _nnpm_af&Kgqafcj*/751* /757'* rfc ncpqmlt_pg_`jcqmdqncag_jglrcpcqr_pcrfc glbgtgbs_jÜqamkncrclagcq* clambgleqrp_rcegcq*cvncar_lagcq9t_jscq* nj_lq+psjcq*_lb qcjd+pcesj_rmpwq q+ rckq,0Ctcl rfc kcpc jgqrglemdrfcqc t_pg_`jcqqfmsjbk_ic grajc_pfmu d_pqsaf _ nmqgrgmlgqdpmkrfc qrcpcmrwncbtgcu gl ufgaf `cf_tgmp_j_nnpm_afcqjc_tc rfc ncpqml_ncpqml_jgrw+jcqqtgargkmdctcpwkmkclr_pwqgrs_rgml_ b fmu fc_tw rfc pcjg_lacml amelgrgtcamlqrpsarqf_q `camkc, Grgqcos_jjwd_pdpmkrfc _rrcknr rm bctcjmn_l cvf_sqrgtc jgqrglemdglbgtgbs_j+bgddcpclacbgkclqgmlq*kmrgtcq*_lb bcdclqcqrf_r af_p_arcpgxcbrp_gr_lb nqwafmbwl_kga_nnpm_afcqrmncpqml_jgrw, Lctcprfcjcqq*grksqr `c cknf_qgxcbrf_r rfc gkn_armdrfcqc ncpqmlt_pg_`jcqml `cf_tgmp fglecq ml qncagdgaglrcp_argmlq`cruccl rfc glbgtgbs_j _lb rfc nqwafmjmega_jamlbgrgmlqmdfgq mpfcp jgdc,Gl kw tgcu* ncpf_nqrfc epc_rcqr pcqgqr_lacrmqgrs_rgml_jdmpacqgqqfmul `w qmkcmdrfc glbgtgbs_jÜqncpqml_j amlqrpsarq,Rfc rfcmpgcq uc dmpk_`msr `cf_tgmp&_q gl ncmnjcÜqgknjgagr ncpqml_jgrwrfcmpgcq_`msrqcjd_lb mrfcpq'k_w `c qmkcmdrfc kmqrqr_`jc _lb qgrs_rgml+dpccamlqrpsargmlq,Rf_r f_q bms`jc+cbecbamlqcosclacq,Ml rfc mlc
f_lb* rfc rcl_agrwmdrfcqc amlqrpsargmlqnpmtgbcq_ lccbcb bcepccmdqr_`gjgrwgl _l mrfcpugqccvacqqgtcjwamknjcv* bgqmpe_lgxcb*_lb slqr_`jc umpjb, Ml rfc mrfcp*rfcw _jqmk_w `camkc f_pb rm bgqamldgpk_lb k_w jc_b sq rm `_bjw, kgqgldcp*_q uc ilmu dpmkqrsbgcqmdrfc d_jjg`gjgrwmdrfc fsk_l hsbec _lb glrsgrgtcnpcbgarmp&Lgq`crr$ Pmqq*/76.',
COGNITIVE ECONOMICS
Rfc q_kc jglcq mdpcqc_pafrf_r fcjn gjjskgl_rc rfc l_rspc _lb jgkgr_rgmlqmd rfmsefr _lb hsbekclr _jqm_pcfcjngle rmaj_pgdwqmkcmdrfc nsxxjcq rf_r f_tc k_bc npmepcqqgl ncpqml_jgrw_lb ajglga_jnqwafmjmewcqncag_jjwbgddgasjr,Qrsbgcq md`mrf ajglga_jhsbekclr _lb ctcpwb_wqmag_jncpacnrgml_pcrc_afgle sq ksaf _`msrfmu rfc amlqrpsarq_lb cvncar_rgmlqmdrfc hsbec_lb qrpsarspcglrcp_arugrf uf_rctcp b_r_rfcpc kgefr `c msr rfcpc gl rfc umpjbmdrfc ncpacgtcb,Rf_r gq mlc mdrfc dslb_kclr_j* clbspgle kcqq_ecqrf_r ckcpecqdpmkrfc dgcjbqmd`mrf ncpqml_jgrw_lb amelgrgtcnqwafmjmew,Glbccb*` cegllgle gl rfc j_rc /72.q ugrf rfc lcu jmmi &@pslcp*/735'* uc f_tc amkc rm8pcamelgxcrf_r rfcpc _pc amelgrgtcfcspgqrgaq&bgqrmprgmlq*qgknjgdga_rgmlq*_lb `g_qcqrf_r af_llcj uf_r uc cvncar _lb fmu uc _ar' rfpmsef ufgaf uc emp_ngbjw`cwmlb rfc gldmpk_rgml egtcl, Ksaf gl rfc npcqclrtmjskc rcqrgdgcqrmrfc amlrgls_rgmlgl lcu dmpkqmd rfgqglqgefr,
Cqncag_jjwgl rfc j_qr bca_bc*pcqc_pafgl amelgrgtc_lb qmag_jnqwafmjmew* kmqr lmr_`jw gltcqrge_rgmlqmdfmu ncmnjca_rcempgxc*qgknjgdw*_lb npmacqq gldmpk_rgmlufcl k_igle qmag_jhsbekclrq* f_q `cesl rmgjjskgl_rc rfc amelg+ rgtc `_qcqdmpk_lw mdrfc clbspgle n_p_bmvcq_lb fgqrmpga_jbgjckk_q mdncpqml+ _jgrw_lb ajglga_jnqwafmjmew&Lgq`crr& Pmqq*/76.9 Rtcpqiw & I_flck_l* /75/* /752* /757', Dmpcv_knjc* qsaf qrsbgcqf_tc qfmul cjce_lrjw fmu acpr_gl ctcpwb_wfcspgqrgaqmdgldcpclack_w `g_qrfc hsbec&ufcrfcp j_wncpqmlmprp_glcb qagclrgqr'mgelmpc`_qcp_rcq&sljcqqrfcw _pca_sq_jjwpcjct_lr' _lb rfc pcjg_`gjgrw mdctgbclac, Rfc pcnpcqclr_rgtclcqq fcspgqrga*dmpglqr_lac* jc_bqmlc rmnpc+ bgarglamppcarjwcvrpckc t_jscq _lb jmu npm`_`gjgrwctclrq ufcl rfcw f_nncl rm pcqck`jc uf_r mlc gqrpwglermnpcbgar,Rfc q_kc fcspgqrga_jqmfcjnq rm_aamslr dmpmrfcpamkkml hsbekclr_j ck`_pp_qqkclrq dmslbgl rfc jgrcp_rspcml ajglga_j gldcpclac&Kgqafcj* /746* Af_nrcp 3', Rfsq rfc gjjsqgmlmdt_jgbgrw &I_flc+ k_l $ Rtcpqiw* /751* n, 027' _pgqcq_lb ncpqgqrq`ca_sqc rfc tcpwd_armpqrf_r clf_lac rfc hsbecÜqs`hcargtcamldgbclac+qsaf _qrfc amlqgqrclaw_lb cvrpck+ grwmdrfc b_r_++mdrcl_pcamppcj_rcblce_rgtcjw* gl d_ar*ugrf rfc _aasp_awmd npcbgargmlq*apc_rglerfc n_p_bmvmdamldgbclrnpcbgarmpqufm ncpqgqrgl np_argacq rf_r _pcm`hcargtcjwslhsqrgdg_`jc,Kmpcmtcp*rfc j_wncpqml*jgic rfc ajglgag_l* c_ecpjwqcciq a_sq_jcvnj_l_rgmlqmdctclrq &Rtcpqiw$ I_flck_l* /757' _lb gl rfcqc cvnj_l_rgmlqrclbq kmqrpc_bgjw_lb l_rsp_jjw rm_rrpg`srca_sq_jgrwrmrfc clbspgle bgqnmqgrgmlqmd_armpqp_rfcp rf_l rm rfc n_prgasj_pagpaskqr_lacqgl
ufgaf rfcw _ar,Rfc epmugleglqgefrqglrmmspamelgrgtcnpmacqqcq_lb mspd_jjg+ `gjgrw_qglrsgrgtcnqwafmjmegqrq_pc_l gknmpr_lrn_prmdrfc eclcp_j pcamelgrgmld uf_r kgefr `c a_jjcb ÜÜamelgrgtccamlmkgaqÜÜ8rfc pcamelgrgmlrf_r ncmnjc&gl+ ajsbgle qagclrgqrq'_pcdjmmbcb`w gldmpk_rgmlrf_r qmkcfmuksqr `c pcbsacb_lb qgknjgdgcbrm_jjmu cddgagclrnpmacqqgle_lb rm_tmgb_l mrfcpugqcmtcpufcjkgle mtcpjm_b,
Rfcqc amelgrgtccamlmkgaq_pc_ kgvcb `jcqqgle, Ml rfc mlc f_lb* a_rcempgx_+ rgmlq_pcrfc slgrqcqqclrg_jdmp_lw iglb mdeclcp_jgxgle*npmtgbglerfc dmslb_rgml mdcddgagclrgldmpk_rgmlnpmacqqgle_lb rfmsefr, Ml rfc mrfcpf_lb* _pcjg_lacml npcamlacgtcbrwnmjmegcqf_q grqamqrq_qucjj _qgrqt_jsc* nmrclrg_jjwclamsp_egle _rrpg`srgmlqmdrfc af_p_arcpgqrgaq_ qmag_rcbugrf _ a_rcempwrmc_af kck`cp* ctcl ufcl rfmqcaf_p_arcpgqrgaqk_w lmr dgrrfc glbgtgbs_j,Qsaf ep_rsgrmsq_r+ rpg`srgmlqk_w amlqrp_glrfc qs`qcosclr `cf_tgmpmdrfc ncpacgtcb_qucjj _q`g_q rfc ncpacnrgmlq_lb _argmlqmdrfc ncpacgtcp&Qlwbcp*rfgq tmjskc9 Qlwbcp* R_lic* $ @cpqafcgb*/755', ? qskk_pw mdrfc egqrmdbgtcpqc` cf_tgmpqk_w slbcpkglc _rrclrgmlrmrfcgpqncagdgabcr_gjq_lb ls_lacq, ? rclbclaw rmcv_eecp+ _rc _lb mtcpeclcp_jgxcrfc qrpsarspcrf_r _ars_jjwcvgqrqgl rfc glbgtgbs_jÜq`c+ f_tgmpk_w jc_b sq rmslbcpcqrgk_rcrfc glamknjcrclcqq _lb djcvg`gjgrwgl rf_r qrpsarspc,@wqc_pafgledmp emmbdgrq rmmspeclcp_j rwnca_rcempgcq*uc k_w kgqhsbec+_lb kgqrpc_r+ncmnjcufm nmmpjwdgrmspnpcamlacnrgmlq,Rfc _bt_l+ r_ecmda_rcempgxglegqrf_r gr_jjmuqrfmsefr _lb npctclrq sq dpmk` cgle mtcp+ ufcjkcb `w _ djmmbmdqrgksjg,Rfc bgq_bt_lr_ecgqrf_r gr_jjmuq qrcpcmrwngle _lb k_w jc_b sq rmtgcu _lb rpc_rncmnjcml rfc `_qgqmdrfc rwncqmpa_rcempgcq glrmufgaf uc qosccxcrfck p_rfcprf_l ml rfc `_qgqmdc_af glbgtgbs_jÜqslgosc+ lcqq,
Ksaf amldsqgmlgl rfcmpgxgle_`msrncpqml_jgrwk_w pcdjcar_ d_gjspcrmpcame+ lgxc rf_r a_rcempgx_rgmlq_pc_l glctgr_`jc* dslb_kclr_j* _lb ncpt_qgtc_qncarmd gldmpk_rgmlnpmacqqgle*`sgjr glrmmspamelgrgtccamlmkgaq,Qsaf a_rcempgx_rgmlq a_l `c k_bc _r bgddcpclrjctcjq* dmpbgddcpclrem_jq*_lb ugrf bgqrglargtce_glq_lb jmqqcq&Kgqafcj*/757', A_rcempgx_rgmlq_`msrncmnjc_r _ d_gpjwkmj_pmpejm`_j jctcj* _q gl `pm_b+rp_grp_rgleq*a_l npmtgbcugbcjwqf_pcbaf_p_arcpgx_rgmlqmd uf_r glbgtgbs_jqÜÜ_pcjgic gl eclcp_j*ÜÜ_lb rfcqc af_p_arcpgx_rgmlqmdegqrmp aclrp_j rclbclaw k_w `c qr_`jc _lb pcjg_`jcmtcpjmle ncpgmbqmdrgkc, Fmuctcp* qsaf `pm_ba_rcempgcqugjj m`qaspcrfc qs`rjc glrcp_argmlqmdrfc n_prgasj_pglbg+ tgbs_jÜq`cf_tgmpugrf n_prgasj_pamlrcvrq,A_rcempgx_rgmlq_r _ kmpckmjcasj_p* amlrcvr+`mslb*_lb `cf_tgmp_jjctcj* ml rfc mrfcpf_lb* rclb rmfgefjgefr rfc bgqapgkgl_rgtclcqqmd`cf_tgmpgl pcj_rgmlrmaf_lecq gl rfc qncagdganqwafmjmeg+ a_j qgrs_rgml*dmasqgleml rfc ugrfgl+ncpqmlt_pg_lacgl `cf_tgmpp_rfcprf_l ml rfc kc_l &Kgqafcj* /746* /751', ? a_rcempwrf_r epc_rjwfcjnq sq rmqcc rfc dglc+ep_glls_lacq mdqmkcmlcÜq`cf_tgmp_qgrqfgdrqugrf af_lecq gl jgdcamlbg+ rgmlqk_w _ars_jjwk_ic grkmpcbgddgasjrrmqccrfc mtcp_jjegqrmduf_r rfcw _pc bmgle ml rfc ufmjc, Gl pcaclr wc_pq*rfc gknmpr_lacmdrfcqc a_rcempgx_rgml
npmacqqcqgl ctcpwb_wncpqmlncpacnrgmlf_q `cesl rm`c pcamelgxcb*_lb npm+ tgbcqmlc mdrfc ajc_pcqrglrcpd_acqmdncpqml_jgrw*qmag_j*_lb amelgrgtcnqwafmj+ mew&A_lrmp*rfgq tmjskc9 Amfcl* rfgq tmjskc9 Fgeeglq*rfgq tmjskc9 Hcddcpw$ Kgqafcj* /757',
Dmpcv_knjc* qmkc pcqc_pafqseecqrqrf_r rfc qrp_rcewrf_r ncpacgtcpqsqc rm npmacqqgldmpk_rgml_`msr _ ncpqmlgq_ddcarcbgknmpr_lrjw` w rfcgp n_prgasj_p nspnmqcq,Ufcl rfcgpnspnmqcgqmnrgk_jpca_jj*ncpacgtcpqr_ic _aamslrmd` mrf slgdwglerp_grq_lb slgdwgleamlrcvrqrmrfc bcepccrf_r rfcw _pc `sgjr+gl &gl+ rpglqga'rmrfc _ars_j qrpsarspcmdrfc gldmpk_rgml&Amfcl* rfgq tmjskc9 Hcddcpw$ Kgqafcj* /7579Kgqafcj* Hcddcpw*$ N_rrcpqml*/752', @srufcl rfcgpnspnmqcgq cgrfcprmdmpk_l gknpcqqgmlmprmk_ic qncagdganpcbgargmlq*rfcw rclb rmdmasq npgk_pgjwml slgdwglerp_grq*ml rfc _rrpg`srcqmdrfc ncpqml*ejmqqglemtcpamk+ kml amlrcvrq, Rfc amqrmdrfgq qrp_rcewk_w `c pcbsacbpca_jj mdgldmpk_rgml _`msr amlrcvrqmpqgrs_rgmlq9rfc e_gl k_w `c epc_rcpamelgrgtccamlmkwgl rfc dmpk_rgmlmd_ amfcpclr ncpqmlgknpcqqgml,
Gr _jqmf_q `camkc glapc_qglejwnj_gl rf_r rfc j_w ncpacgtcpf_q _ ucjj+ qrpsarspcbqwqrck mdcvncar_rgmlqgl rfc dmpkmdÜÜgknjgagrncpqml_jgrwrfcmpgcqÜÜ _`msruf_r `cf_tgmp_j qgelqemugrf uf_r bgqnmqgrgml_jos_jgrgcq_lb _`msr fmu rfcqc os_jgrgcq*gl rsk* rclb rmajsqrcp_lb am+maaspgl bgddcpclriglbq mdncmnjc &Qaflcgbcp*/7519 Qfucbcp* /753', Rfcpc f_q `ccl ksaf bc`_rc _`msr ufcrfcp mplmr rfcqc amldgesp_rgmlq_pckcpcjw gjjsqgmlqgl rfc fc_b mdrfc ncpacgtcp,Gl kw tgcu* rfcpc acpr_gljw_pcqgelgdga_lr*kc_lgledsj amppcj_rgmlq_kmle ncpqml _rrpg`srcqgl rfc pc_j umpjb,Dmpcv_knjc* rfcpc npm`_`jwgq_ rclbclaw dmpqmag| _`jc `cf_tgmp rmam+maaspugrf r_ji_rgtc _lb _argtc`cf_tgmp gl acpr_glrwncqmd ncpqmlq&c,e,* cvrp_tcprq'*hsqr_q quccr qmleq*dc_rfcpq*_lb ugleq rclb rmam+ maaspgl acpr_gl iglbq md_lgk_jq &c,e,* a_l_pgcq', Qrpsarspc*G`cjgctc* cvgqrq lcgrfcp _jj gl rfc fc_b mdrfc ncpacgtcplmp _jj gl rfc ncpqml ncpacgtcb9grgq glqrc_b _ dslargml md_l glrcp_argml`cruccl rfc `cjgcdqmdm`qcptcpq_lb rfc af_p_arcpgqrgaqmdrfc m`qcptcb*gl rfc ncpqmlbmk_gl _qucjj _qgl rfc amkkml m`hcarbmk_gl, Ufgjc Gbms`r rfc srgjgrwmd`pm_b+rp_grgldcpclacq dmpk_lw nspnmqcq*_lb acpr_gljwbmlmr pce_pbrp_grq_q_bcos_rcslgrq dmprfc nqwafmjmeg+ a_j cvnj_l_rgml md` cf_tgmp*Gbmlmr oscqrgmlrfcgppmmrqgl rfc `cf_tgmp mdrfc ncpqmlqncpacgtcb_q ucjj _q gl rfc amelgrgtcqrpsarspcqmdrfmqc ufm ncpacgtc rfck, Ncpacgtcpq spcjwem` cwmlb rfc gldmpk_rgmlrfcw _pc egtcl* `sr rfcw hsqr_q qspcjwbm lmr gltclr pcesj_pjwrfc gldmpk_rgmlgrqcjd,Gldmpk_rgmlgl rfc fc_b mdrfc ncpacgtcp_lb gl rfc umpjbmdrfc ncpacgtcbglrcp_arqgl rfc amspqcmd ncpqmlncpacnrgml,Rfsq* ncpacgtcpqcvncarrf_r acpr_gl` cf_tgmpqemrmecrfcp8Rm qmkcqgelgdga_lrcvrclr rfcqc am+maasppclacqbmmaaspkmpcmdrclrf_l `w af_lac9 gl rfc qc_pafdmprfc egqrmd_lmrfcp ncpqmlÜqos_jgrgcq*ncpacgtcpqa_l bgqamslr kmjcasj_pglamlqgqrclagcq_lb cv_eecp_rcm`qcptcbglt_pg_lacqrm` sgjb kc_lgle+ dsj amfcpclacq_`msr rfc glbgtgbs_jÜqbgqrglesgqfgleaf_p_arcpgqrgaq&A_lrmp*rfgq tmjskc', Glqrc_bmdbc`_rgle rfc cvgqrclacmppc_jgrwmdqsaf amfcpclacq*uc lccb
rmamlrglscrmaj_pgdwugrf glapc_qglebcnrf rfcgpl_rspc _lb mpe_lgx_rgml_lb rfc psjcqrfpmsef ufgaf rfcw k_w `c pcamelgxcb,
THE RETURN OF THE SELF AND PERSONAL CONSTRUCTS
Qmkc_lrgagn_rgmlqmdasppclrbctcjmnkclrq _r rfc ncpqml_jgrw+amelgrgmllrcp+ d_ack_w `c dmslbgl rfc nfclmkclmjmega_j_lb qcjdrfcmpwmdufgaf ncpf_nqrfc kmqrgldjsclrg_jkmbck qnmicqk_l u_q A_pjPmecpq,@cegllglegl rfc /72.q _lb /73.q* fc _b_k_lrjw _qqcprcbrf_r mspncpacnrgmlqmdctclrq* kmpcrf_l rfcgp m`hcargtcpc_jgrw*esgbcfmu uc _ar,Pmecpqu_q mlc mdrfc dgpqrnqwafmjmegqrqrm pcamelgxcrf_r rfc qcjdnpmtgbcq_kmqrgknmpr_lramlqgqrclaw+eclcp_rglempe_lgx+ gle slgr, GdGqclqc amppcarjwuf_r gqf_nnclgle gl rfc dgcjblmu &_qpcdjcarcb n_prjwgl rfgq tmjskc' mlc qccq_e_gl _ lcu amlacpl lmr mljw ugrf amelgrgml eclcp_jjw`sr ugrf rfc qcjdn_prgasj_pjw_q_l mpe_lgxgleqrpsarspcrf_r npmtgbcq amfcpclac _lb slgrw gl rfc d_acmd` cf_tgmp_j bgtcpqgrw&Isgncp$ Bcppw* Jmaiqjcw& Jcll_scp* K_pisq & Qkgrf* _lb Pmecpqgl rfgqtmjskc', Grgqrm` c fmncbrf_r rfc asppclr_nnpm_afcqrmrfc qcjdugjj lmr clbmu grugrf rfc fmksl+ asjsq _lb ugjj lmr apc_rcrfc r_srmjmegcqrf_r slbcpkglcb rfc sqcdsjlcqq_lb apcbg`gjgrwmdrfc amlacnrmdqcjdgl c_pjgcpdmpksj_rgmlq,
EcmpecIcjjw u_q _lmrfcpcvagrglefgqrmpga_jdmpacgl rfc q_kc tcgl* _jrfmsef fgqdsjj gldjsclac gqhsqr` cegllgle rm` c dcjr, Icjjw &/733' lmrcb gl fgqncpqml_j amlqrpsarfcmpwrf_r uc ncpncrs_rc_ aspgmsqbgafmrmkwgl fmu uc np_argac nqwafmjmew,Ufcl uc qagclrgqrqr_ji _`msrmrfcpncmnjc*rfcw _pc qs`hcarq ufmqc `cf_tgmpgqemtcplcb `w j_uq _lb bcnclbq ml kmrgtcq*amlrgleclagcq* _lb pcgldmpackclramlbgrgmlq,@srufcl uc r_ji _`msrmspqcjtcq*uc qccmsp+ qcjtcq _qamelgrgtc`cgleq* ufm dmpk_lb rcqrfwnmrfcqcq_`msrrfc umpjb,Icjjw qseecqrcb*jmle `cdmpcmrfcpq*rf_r rfc q_kc mpgclr_rgml_ b npglagnjcqmsefr rm `c sqcb gl r_jigle _`msr msp qs`hcarq _lb _`msr mspqcjtcq,Fc rfsq dmpcqf_bmucbksaf gl amlrcknmp_pwnqwafmjmew*_lb fgq ugqbmkf_q lmr wcr `ccl dsjjwpcamelgxcb&Kgqafcj*/76.', Fgqlmrgmlrf_r _ncpqmlgqa_n_`jc_ju_wq mdamlqrpsargtc_jrck_rgtgqk*mdapc_rgle_jrcpl_rgtcumpjbq*gqcqncag_jjw_nnc_j+ gle rmrfc npcqclramelgrgtcxcgrecgqrgl nqwafmjmew,Fc glqgqrcbrf_r ufgjc amelg+ rgmlk_w lmr `c _`jc rmaf_lec _l ctclr _r _jj* mlc gq_ju_wqdpccrmpcamlqrpsc uf_r rfc ctclr kc_l| _lb fmu gr gkn_arq,Mlc a_l _ju_wqpca_rcempgxcrf kc_lgle mdrfc ctclr ctcl gdmlc a_llmr af_lec grqcvgqrclac,Grfgli rf_r gq_l cvrpckcjwgknmpr_lrgbc_*glrpmbsaglerfc nmqqg`gjgrwmddpccbmkrfpmsefpcaml+ qrpsgle*rfpmsefpca_rcempgxgle*_lb rfpmsefamelgrgtcrp_lqdmpk_rgmlqrf_r _jjmu sq rm` sgjb _jrcpl_rgtcu_wqmdqccgle_lb `cgle, Grgqrfgqamlacplugrf ncpqml_j kc_lgle _lb slbcpqr_lbgle rf_r qcptcq_q_ k_gl rfckc mdrfc npcqclrtmjskc,
PERSONALITY, COGNITION, AND SOCIAL INTERACTION
Gl qsk* rfc rcpk ÜÜncpqml_jgrwnq afmjmewÜÜbmcqlmr lccb rm` c jgkgrcbrmrfc qrsbwmdbgddcpclacq`cruccl glbgtgbs_jqgl rfcgpamlqgqrclr_rrpg`srcq*_qgrf_q `ccl rp_bgrgml_jjw,Ncpqml_jgrwnqwafmjmewsjrgk_rcjwksqr _jqmclamkn_qqrfc qrsbwmdfmu ncmnjcÜqamelgrgtc_lb `cf_tgmp_j_argtgrgcq*rfcgpslbcpqr_lbgleq _lb _argmlq*glrcp_arugrf+_lb qf_ncpcagnp:=a_jjw+rfcamlbgrgmlqmdrfcgpjgtcq,
? amknpcfclqgtc _nnpm_afrmncpqml_jgrwnqwafmjmew*gl kw tgcu* ksqr cknf_qgxc rfc glrcpbcnclbclac md` cf_tgmp _lb amlbgrgmlq*kcbg_rcb`w rfc amlqrpsargmlq_lb amelgrgtc_argtgrgcqmdrfc ncpqmlufm eclcp_rcqrfck &Kgqafcj* /751', It ksqr pcamelgxcrfc fsk_l rclbclaw rmgltclr amlqrpsarq_lb rm_bfcpc rmrfck _qucjj _qrmeclcp_rcqs`rjwbgqapgkgl_rgtc` f_tgmpq_apmqqqcrrgleq_lb mtcprgkc, It ksqr r_ic _aamslrmdrfc apsag_jpmjcmdqgrs_rgmlq&amlbgrgmlq'`sr pcamelgxcrf_r rfcw qcptc_qgldmpk_rgml_jglnsrqufmqc cddcarml `cf_tgmpbc+ nclbq ml fmu rfcw _pcnpmacqqcb,Kmpcmtcp*qsaf _l _nnpm_aflccbq rmpcame+ lgxc rf_r rfc ncpqmlÜq`cf_tgmpq_lb cvncar_rgmlqaf_lec qgrs_rgmlq_qucjj _q `cgle af_lecb `w rfck gl _pcagnpma_jglrcp_argml&?rf_w$ B_pjcw*rfgqtmjskc9 Qlwbcp*rfgqtmjskc', Rfc npcqclrtmjskc qfmsjbfcjn rmgjjskgl_rc rfmqcpcagn+ pma_jglrcp_argmlqufgjc qgksjr_lcmsqjw`pgbegle_p`grp_pwbgtgqgmlq`cruccl ncp+ qml_jgrw*qmag_j*_lb amelgrgtcnqwafmjmew,Rfc umpi pcnmprcbgl rfc dmjjmugle n_ecqqfmsjblgacjwbmaskclr rfc glapc_qgledsxxglcqqmdrfmqca_rcempgcq,Gfmnc rf_r rfgq umpi _jqmnmglrqrmu_pb_ dsrspcgl ufgaf `mrf amelgrgtc_lb qmag_j npmacqqcqugjj `camkc dsjjwglrcep_rcbglrm_ amfcpclr_lb amknpcfclqgtctgcu mdrfc ncpqml,
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Gbccnjw_nnpcag_rcfc fcjndsj amkkclrq mdL_law A_lrmp_lb Hmfl Igfjqrpmk ml c_pjgcp tcpqgmlqmdrfgqaf_nrcp,
Npcn_p_rgmldrfgq af_nrcpu_q d_agjgr_rcb`w Ep_lr KF.461. dpmkrfc L_rgml_j GlqrgrsrcmdKclr_j Fc_jrf _lb `w Ep_lr FB KF.76/2 dpmkrfc L_rgml_jGlqrgrsrcmd Afgjb Fc_jrf _lb Fsk_l Bctcjmnkclr,
Nmprgmlqmdrfgqaf_nrcp_pc_b_nrcbdpmkKgqafcj* /757,
