ABSTRACT
In many European cities, as a consequence of the past decade’s various waves of economic and political crises, the public sector has gradually withdrawn from maintaining certain infrastructure and services. In some cities, citizen organizations and activist groups have engaged in replacing the services that are no longer offered by governmental bodies. In parallel, many architects, planners, social activists, and cultural and social professionals also recognized that traditional funding and organizational models had lost their capacity to provide small-scale, community-oriented urban projects. These citizens started developing alternative formats to help citizens access services.
