ABSTRACT
Developments from 2000 to 2015 epitomized what White called New York's "tidal restlessness." Gotham's population grew substantially as a result of the 1965 federal immigration reform that reversed 40 years of immigration restriction. Greed was the crime and the criminals were the investment bankers, stockbrokers, and hedge fund managers who manipulated the nation's economy from their lavish offices in downtown New York. The Great Recession highlighted the dangers of New York's dependence on the financial sector. Retrenchment started with banks, investment firms, advertising agencies, and information services, but quickly spread across the city as consumer spending contracted. Throughout the 1990s, the financial and corporate sectors of New York City's economy grew rapidly and became increasingly global. Crossing customary boundaries is not only central to the tradition of Carnival, but accurately reflects the West Indian struggle to negotiate both race and ethnicity in New York. Mayor Michael Bloomberg believed that the solution to New York's post-9/11 economic problems was development.
