ABSTRACT
Planning is a set of activities to acquire information and to make contingent decisions into the future. It is also considered as procedures for taking actions. The traditional wisdom of city planning can solve certain problems, mainly through the arrangement of the spatial structure of the relationship between decision situations and locations. The city is a container in which decision-makers or agents, solutions, problems, and decision situations interact in an unpredictable way at certain locations. This metaphor of cities is called the spatial garbage-can model and is presented elsewhere. The capability of the city in solving problems is distributive. Cities self-organize themselves, and through self-organization, the agents take adaptive actions to solve various problems. The notion of city creativity is full of ambiguity at best. Viewing the city as a complex and large adaptive system, it argues that a creative city is one that is capable of universal computation, and a necessary condition for a creative city is safety.
