ABSTRACT
Bulgaria,theregionknowntotheMuslimsasBulghar.Itschiefcity,alsonamed Bulghar,laynearthemodemvillageofUspenskoeorBolgarskoe,approximately90 milesS.ofKazanand4milesE.oftheVolga:seeYuleandCordier,I,n.2atpp.6-8; Minorsky,f!udutP,pp.lxxxi-lxxxii,460--1;Pelliot,Polo,pp.98-9.Itisencounteredas BolgarainMarcoPolo(tr.Ricci,pp.3-4),anditspeoplearetheByleriofCarpini,V,29 (VandenWyngaert,p.73;Dawson,p.30)etpassim:forotherformsofthename,d. Pelliot,Horded'Or,pp.224-30.TheregionhadbeenoverrunbytheMongolsin1237. SeegenerallyI.Hrbek,'Bulshar',EP;T.T.Allsen,'PreludetotheWesterncampaigns: MongolmilitaryoperationsintheVolga-Uralregion1217-1237',ArchivumEurasiae MediiAevi,ill(1983),5-24;alsobelow,pp.130--1.
