ABSTRACT
A former Afghan army engineer, Ghaffar was a member of Gulbuddin Hekmatyar's Hezb-e-Islami when Inter-Services Intelligence Directorate (ISI) selected him for Stinger training at Ojhri Camp. US Pakistan diplomatic relations had all but collapsed during 1979, yet the CIA and ISI continued exchanging intelligence on Afghanistan and the Soviet Union. Reagan and his new Director of Central Intelligence (DCI), William Casey, were determined to strike back at the Soviets by aiding anti-communist resistance movements in Nicaragua and Afghanistan. United Nation's efforts to mediate a peace settlement in Afghanistan were another bone of contention between ISI and the Foreign Ministry. Throughout much of the 1980s, the Soviets paid lip service to United Nations peace efforts in Afghanistan because the Red Army General Staff was confident that a military victory could be achieved there with the right amount of firepower, innovative combat tactics and some political maneuvering.
