ABSTRACT
This chapter begins with Fei Xiaotong, and his work based on his From the Soil: The Foundations of Chinese Society. He introduces Chinese organizational principles through the concept of chaxugeju, the 'differential mode of association'. Cha means 'difference' or 'dissimilarity', xu means 'order' or 'sequence', and geju means 'pattern' or 'framework', that is the patterning of Chinese society through ranked categories of social relationship. For navigation the chapter focuses on strategist Zhichang Zhu's Confucian Pragmatism, effectively ending up with American political scientist, Deborah Brautigam's portrayal of Guanxi. Fei paid close attention to the existing cultural and socioeconomic conditions. The most creative thinking that emerged from China regarding the invigoration of Chinese socialism rejects conventional modernization and globalization in their prevailing forms. The Chinese were looking ahead toward their future industrial engagement with Africa. By 1985 China had been seeking to digest, absorb and remould advanced technologies from abroad.
