ABSTRACT
Sociologists of literature and translation, such as Pascale Casanova, Gisle Sapiro, and Blaise Wilfert have advanced more rigorous models for understanding literary 'globalization' or 'internationalization'. This chapter proposes a different chronology of the establishment, explains the world of art, which people tends to privilege because of its visibility in debates and famous writings of critics fetishized by the modernist tradition, such as Baudelaire, Zola, Huysmans, Mallarm, and Apollinaire, who in their respective generation were all champions of 'modern painters'. It examines: The problems of method in the study of cultural circulation; How are the discordance in times and the cultural hierarchies that translate these circulations in time and space to be evaluated and explained; As against the habitual modernist view that is dominant in specialized cultural studies, It inquires whether discordances and hierarchies that are hard to change do not lead in certain cases to a blockage of cultural internationalization in certain cultural fields that are highly consecrated.
