ABSTRACT
This chapter discusses positive ways toward peaceful and equal relations between different ethnic groups, both within and between nation-states. The quantitative analysis shows that state social spending is the most important single factor contributing to more economic equality. A typology of different immigration and integration policies of the states in the North is developed and their implications for the emergence of new ethno-class differentiations and inequality are indicated. The complementary thesis is that different ethnic groups able to live peacefully side by side if societal and political institutions are structured in a way which ensures equal opportunities and conditions for participation in political processes for all ethnic groups. The conclusion from the cases is clear: even a common ethnic background is no guarantee for successful integration into a new country if immigration occurs within a short period and on a very large scale.
